The Handmaids tale Essay Example for Free

The Handmaids story Essay Besides, Offred is continually searching for an exit plan, as she is confident that there is an obstruction retaliating. She alludes to this in one of her numerous fantasies, where she seeks after her significant other, who vanished during the surpass: â€Å"He reached the others; there must be an obstruction, a legislature in a state of banishment. Somebody must be out there, dealing with things. I have faith in the obstruction, I accept there can be no light without shadow; or rather no shadow except if there is additionally light. † (Atwood 130) Though she knows nothing for certain, the idea of him, her significant other, retaliating and the expectation that she may one day go along with him and the others †joined with her insubordinate activities invigorates Offred to push ahead with her life. Particularly additionally a non-conventionalist is Offred’s tragically deceased companion Moira. Moira was likewise constrained into the job of a Handmaid; however, after a brief timeframe she got torpid and, through a faking a sickness, escaped the family unit that she had been remaining at and ended up at Jezebels (an illicit strip club). Moira discovered her drive in turning into her own individual, exceptionally one of a kind from the accommodated individuals, particularly ladies that the legislature made. She was a ground-breaking female character who went to bat for herself and did what she needed to, to get her direction: Moira had power currently, shed been released, shed set herself free. She was currently a free lady. (Atwood 167) Moira conflicts with all standards, breaks liberated from the congruity and by and large, takes part in criminal behavior †all so as to search for opposition and show that she isn't possessed by anybody, authoritatively, or not. These two ladies, Offred and Moira, don't follow the congruity set upon them; rather, they retaliate, and from that point gain resolution to remain glad and to push forward into circumstances that can possibly have any kind of effect in the public eye, for themselves as well as for the individuals around them. Atwood’s depiction of the two conventionalists and non-traditionalists fills in as a critique of women’s job in the public eye. By differentiating the two kinds of characters, Atwood exhibits the distinctions ladies can make in the public arena on the off chance that they contradict the conventionalist weights of the male ruled world. In the novel, as examined prior, both the aunties and the spouses are traditionalists; Atwood doesn't give them individual names †they are normally alluded to in general, with no unmistakable attributes. These ladies are excused as meager more than observers, as they don't settle on their own choices or defend their convictions; rather, they just oblige what others let them know. As opposed to these ladies are Offred and Moira, the non-traditionalist characters. These ladies are not hesitant to assume responsibility and battle against what is being constrained upon them as ‘right. ’ In their jobs, Offred and Moira are making, or endeavoring to have, a distinction in their general public by supporting their ethics and conclusions. This hence makes them solid female characters. Eventually, it isn't certain whether Offred is effective in finding the obstruction; in any case, not at all like the ladies who adjusted, Offred at any rate endeavored to make changes throughout her life with the goal that she could be cheerful. Atwood along these lines utilizes the complexity between the traditionalist and non-conventionalist characters to show the impacts of observing the principles and the impacts of conflicting with them. The Handmaid’s Tale fills in as an editorial about the job of ladies in the public arena and the odds that they need to have any kind of effect. Atwood’s by and large subject is that ladies need to go to bat for themselves so as to be upbeat and be in charge of their lives. Works Consulted: Atwood, Margaret. The Handmaids Tale. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1986. Print. Show see just The above review is unformatted text This understudy composed bit of work is one of numerous that can be found in our GCSE Margaret Atwood area.

The Myocardial Infarction Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Myocardial Infarction Case - Essay Example Four bits of appraisal information The key bits of evaluation information include: the rise of serum cardiovascular troponin levels (cTnT) analyzed by gathering and testing of the blood; windedness, analyzed by the perception of brevity of breath; seeming pale and tired, analyzed by watching the patients feeling; tolerant inclination worn out, exhausted, frail and queasiness; the identification of heart sound S3 with no extrinsic lung sounds or fringe oedema; and earlier history of cardiovascular breakdown as analyzed by her primary care physician prior; and the information of the 12-lead ECG which shows 2mm height in foremost leads of V1-V4 with the Q waves in second rate drives 11, 11 and a VF. McCaffery doesn't grumble of chest torment, which is a side effect of intense myocardial dead tissue the purpose behind not having chest torment originates from her age and that she is diabetic. Davidson (2008) states that old and diabetic patients experience quiet or non-torment myocardial localized necrosis. Pathophysiology of the information bits of appraisal The pathophysiology of the Electrocardiograph (ECG) and the height of serum heart troponin (TP) piece information. ...he changes in plasma convergence of these markers draw out the indicative worth; be that as it may, disarray may emerge for the analyses of Angina which when harmed produces troponins. The thing that matters is that angina with insignificant myocardial harm discharges troponins to a minor degree. Electrocardiography (ECG) is hard to decipher except if there exists a past proof of myocardial dead tissue. The primary change is the serum troponin height followed by a decrease of the size of R wave and an event of dead tissue of a Q wave creates. The Q wave creates in light of the fact that the myocardial infarct goes about as an electrical window that transmits the progressions from inside the ventricular cavity to permit the electrocardiography (ECG) to see the equal R wave from the dividers of th e ventricle (Hutchison’s, 2007). In this manner, McCaffery’s 12 lead show 2mm section rise with leads v1-v4 with the Q wave corresponding changes of 11, 111, and a VF which prompts no other end however to that of myocardial localized necrosis. Electrocardiography recorded from a 70-year elderly person who had an intense infarct 2 days prior and had treatment for myocardial dead tissue 11 months before demonstrated Q waves in the second rate drives (11, 111, and a VF) and serum troponin (ST) rise on the front leads (1 and V2-V6) (Davidson’s, 2008). This analysis takes after that of McCaffery so it can properly be induced that McCaffery is experiencing myocardial dead tissue. The other purpose behind the pathophysiology of the electrocardiography is that one can't depend on these outcomes except if there is an earlier conclusion of myocardial localized necrosis. This is overwhelmed by the way that, McCaffery was determined to have cardiovascular breakdown by her p rimary care physician and medications recommended.

So Chance Me Maybe

So Chance Me Maybe Like most MIT students, I was aware when I applied that I was a highly competitive applicant. I had taken several AP classes, I had a perfect GPA, my interviewer loved me, I had founded a few clubs, and my test scores were stellar. However, also like most MIT students, I was still very anxious about the application process. JUST KIDDING! Absolutely everything I just said is a horrible lie. Here’s the truth: I have never taken an AP test in my life. My GPA wasn’t perfect (still isn’t). I was convinced I failed my interview, I once almost cofounded half of a club, my math SAT was 40 points below MIT’s lower 25th percentile, and I wasn’t very anxious about applying because I knew beyond a shadow of a doubt that I was getting rejected. That’s the truth. Last September, I was embarrassingly naive about college admissions. I had only a few ideas about colleges and had drafted a handful of generic essays, but really didn’t have a good sense of how competitive of an applicant I was or what sort of schools I should target. I did know that time was running out, and that I needed to get serious about applications very, very soon, so I hopped on the internet and dived into research. It didn’t take long to come across College Confidential. At first, it seemed like a rare gem a unique online community of peers sharing the same stresses and anxieties. College Confidential had the answers to all of my questions about how I should approach applying, about which colleges would be a good fit for me, and about which colleges I had a chance at getting into. It’s too bad all of those answers were wrong. What I learned from College Confidential was that admissions was a competition, in which the applicants strove to cast themselves in as positive a light as possible, highlighting their achievements, emphasizing their strengths, and inventing some sort of “hook.” I learned that MIT and Caltech were far too nerdy for me, since the ultra-geek culture did nothing but study and mire in awkwardness. And I learned that a person of my background with my “stats” had literally an absolute zero chance of getting admitted, that these top-tier universities were way out of my league, and that they only admitted students who had been published in Science, won international math Olympiads, and were already independently wealthy from Googles acquisition of their start-up. OK, that wasn’t completely true; some students only had two of the three. But, for some irrational reason that I didn’t really understand at the time, I applied. I told myself that it was “practice” for the “real” applications to “real” colleges that really mattered, but I don’t think I really believed that. Starting in August, I studied prompts and scoured websites. September saw me working on essays full-time, procrastinating on research papers so that I could work on apps in class. By October, I was spending more time on MIT and Caltech than I was on schoolwork I wrote and rewrote, edited and revised, tooled and retooled until my essays flowed like mercury. And then I did it all over again, because my topics were boring. I worked feverishly right up to the deadline date and submitted, confident in my preparation for the applications that really mattered. But something very, very odd had begun to happen. I got attached to MIT. Emotionally. Romantically. Thoughts crept in that I hadnt considered before might might I actually have a chance? No, of course not. Thats just your ego trying desperately to feel optimistic. I banished the idea from my head, but I couldnt get it out of my heart. I obsessively devoured the admissions blogs, staying up late into the night chuckling over adventures, catastrophes, and legendary hacks. I procrastinated some more on research papers (I did that a lot), refreshing the admissions site or reading bloggers’ profiles as if they were superheroes (we aren’t). I began to daydream of getting admitted, then to actually dream of getting admitted. Like a cheesy chick flick, I fell accidentally in love with something insanely out of reach that I tried in vain to remain detached from. It wasn’t that I felt like my “stats” had improved. It wasn’t about numbers at all. It was about culture. I felt like MIT was literally built with me in mind that every facet of what I had previously assumed to be an irreconcilably diverse personality would fit perfectly into place in an energetic environment of similar minds. The more I read, the clearer this became. I certainly couldnt allow myself to get my hopes up, or my poor psyche would be irreparably crushed when I was rejected, but I couldnt shake the feeling that MIT was where I was meant to be. Where Id thrive. Where I belonged. December 14th was the day. The Ultimate Day On Which I Learn Of My Rejection. I was scheduled to work that morning. I’m pretty sure I did a horrible job. My mind was about 7,125 kilometers away, as evidenced by the fact that I had calculated that number. I waited. It was excruciating. At precisely 11:14 AM, I slipped away from my hosting duties and ducked into the employee bathroom.  I fumbled my phone out of my pocket.  I refreshed decisions.mit.edu. The page stuttered. And sputtered. And spat out some text. Rejected. Wait, what? Thats not what it says. It says something like It is my pleasure to offer you Oh. OOH. OOOH WOW IT ACTUALLY HAPPENED. I quickly texted the entire planet, went back to work, and continued to do an even worse job. It slowly sunk in: it wasn’t a joke. Even now I’m not quite used to it: I’ll be walking by Killian and be spontaneously hit by “Holy [cow]. I got into MIT.” But what I think about most is the fact that I almost didn’t apply. This scares me more than I can express the precarious chain of events that happened to lead me to convincing myself to apply is sobering at best, horrifying at worst. You see, the admissions officers truly are not lying. We’ve been raised in a world in which ‘institutions’ or governing bodies have a conspiratory stigma about them, in which one must “game the system” to achieve even the ordinary. This isn’t true here. The admissions office is run by real people (I’ve seen them! I have proof!). And when they tell you things like this or this or this, please listen to them. They’re really being sincere. “Being yourself” is not a trap, because it’s yourself who is admitted not your scores. And, finally, please please PLEASE don’t pay attention to the chatter on College Confidential. Although (arguably) communities are generally good, application anxiety turns the forums into an Imposter Syndrome Magnifying Glass, healthy for nobody’s psyche. If, as an applicant, you think that MIT is “out of your league” because you looked at a dozen numbers from somebody else’s life, consider this: I posted 4 (four!) Chance threads. Here are some of my responses: “MIT: High reach” “I think MIT will be a very high reach” “I think your best shot would be CMU I think its something a [little] more manageable” “The generic super reach for HYPM” “ECs arent that good imo, to spread out kind of random imo” “MIT: High Reach with a 710 Math score. Aim for a 760-800” “For MIT and Brown, try to bump up your SAT to at least 2200.” “you arent smart enough for any mwahaha” Pursue your passions. Unfortunately, the raw statistics are daunting that’s the cruelty of finite facilities but true passions are never “generic super reaches.” If MIT is one of those passions, not because it sounds cool or looks fancy, but because it’s MIT, then apply as yourself, not as who some random username thinks you need to be. The internet wants to reduce you into a pile of numbers and acronyms so that it can dismiss your entire life with an admission rate. Don’t let that happen.

Caribbean English - Definition and Examples

Caribbean English is a  general term for the many varieties of the English language used in the Caribbean archipelago and on the Caribbean coast of Central America (including Nicaragua, Panama, and Guyana). Also known as  Western Atlantic English. In the simplest terms, says Shondel Nero, Caribbean English is  a contact language emanating mainly from the encounter of British colonial masters with the enslaved and later indentured labor force brought to the Caribbean to work on the sugar plantations (Classroom Encounters With Creole English in  Englishes in Multilingual Contexts, 2014). Examples and Observations The term Caribbean English is problematic because in a narrow sense it can refer to a dialect of English alone, but in a broader sense it covers English and the many English-based creoles . . . spoken in this region. Traditionally, Caribbean creoles have been (incorrectly) classified as dialects of English, but more and more varieties are being recognized as unique languages. . . . And although English is the official language of the area that is sometimes called the Commonwealth Caribbean, only a small number of the people in each country speak what we might consider regionally accented standard English as a native language. In many Caribbean countries, however, some standard version of (mostly) British English is the official language and taught in schools. One syntactic feature shared by many West Atlantic Englishes is the use of would and could where British or American English uses will and can: I could swim for I can swim; I would do it tomorrow for I will do it tomorrow. Another is the formation of yes/no questions with no inversion of auxiliary and subject: You are coming? instead of Are you coming? (Kristin Denham and Anne Lobeck, Linguistics for Everyone: An Introduction. Wadsworth, 2009) Loanwords From Guyana and Belize Whereas Canadian English and Australian English, benefiting from the single land-mass of their respective homelands, can each claim general homogeneity, Caribbean English is a collection of sub-varieties of English distributed . . . over a large number of non-contiguous territories of which two, Guyana and Belize, are widely distant parts of the South and Central American mainland. . . . Through Guyana came hundreds of nouns, necessary labels of an active ecology, from the languages of its aboriginal indigenes of the nine identified ethnic groups . . .. This is a vocabulary that amounts to hundreds of everyday words known to Guyanese but not to other Caribbeans. In the same way through Belize come words from the three Mayan languages--Kekchi, Mopan, Yucatecan; and from the Miskito Indian language; and from Garifuna, the Afro-Island-Carib language of Vincentian ancestry. (Richard Allsopp, Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage. University of the West Indies Press, 2003) Caribbean English Creole Analysis has shown that the grammar and phonological rules of Caribbean English Creole can be described as systematically as those of any other language, including English. Furthermore, Caribbean English Creole is as distinct from English as French and Spanish are from Latin. Whether it is a language or a dialect, Caribbean English Creole coexists with standard English in the Caribbean and in the English-speaking countries where Caribbean immigrants and their children and grandchildren live. Often stigmatized because it is associated with slavery, poverty, lack of schooling, and lower socioeconomic status, Creole may be viewed, even by those who speak it, as inferior to standard English, which is the official language of power and education. Most speakers of Caribbean English Creole can switch between Creole and standard English, as well as intermediate forms between the two. At the same time, however, they may retain some distinctive features of Creole grammar. They may mark past-tense and plural forms inconsistently, for example, saying things like, She give me some book to read. (Elizabeth Coelho, Adding English: A Guide to Teaching in Multilingual Classrooms. Pippin, 2004)

Antigone A Greek Tragic Playwright - 1761 Words

Antigone is a Greek tragic playwright, set in a classical era of time. During this period, the city of Thebes is completely organized around strict gender roles and religion. There are also expectations that the citizens are expected to meet through abiding by the rules. In this regard, this essay will look at the playwright, on aspects touching on the issues of interest, the historical context, the insight gained among others. The situation of the two sisters: Antigone and Ismene, who are comforting each after losing their brothers in the same battle invokes a melancholic mood. It is a feeling of sadness following the demise of their brothers. They lack any form support from their friends or the state. The rites of their brother’s burial†¦show more content†¦The king demands him to find the culprit failure to which he faces death. War is used to defend the state; those who bring hate in the state are killed in broad daylight. In historical context, a greater understanding of the rationale behind Creon and Antigone’s actions can be gotten from a historical analysis of this period. The historical time was during the 441BC; it is the period in which two brothers goes into war but die while fighting. One of the brothers is viewed as a rebel bringing into conclusion that no burial rites should be performed. King Creon is a dictator hence showing the dangers of the absolute ruling at the time. Creon allowed few people to speak openly giving out their options without being biased. Antigone tries to defy Creon’s order by burying her brother. At this particular time, freedom of expression is limited hence the rule of law is not democratic. An Analysis of the Work Antigone is a courageous girl with high family values. Antigone attempts to convince her sister Ismene to assist her in burying their brother Polyneices. Ismene refuses due to fear for her life if she tried to defy the king`s order. Antigone remains focused on ensuring that her brother receives a proper burial no matter the consequences of her actions. Polyneices is considered a disgrace to the state since he led a siege to his state. The king declares that Polyneices remains should be left in the open, fed on by

Use of technology, constructivism theory and project based-learning Free Essays

string(71) " teacher to ease the acquisition to be more meaningful for the pupils\." The research conducted by the research workers from Universiti Sains Malaysia is to look into the usage of engineering, constructivism theory and undertaking based-learning to accomplish a comprehensive instructional reform at the school degree. Four instructors from simple school located in the province of Oregon where project-based acquisition is implemented as an of import focal point of the school course of study had been chosen as participants. A qualitative methodological analysis was used to garner the informations through interviews, observations and papers analysis to turn to the research inquiry sing the usage of constructivism in a project-based acquisition puting in an simple school. We will write a custom essay sample on Use of technology, constructivism theory and project based-learning or any similar topic only for you Order Now Based on this research, it was found that the instructors did non do pre-planned attempts to incorporate elements of project-based acquisition, constructivism and engineering at the same time to execute a interactive relationship. The instructors used assortment of learning methods such as treatments, custodies on activities, picture presentations, field trips and conveying outside experts into schoolroom to do the pupils focal point and engage in the activities. However, they were non truly incorporating the constructivist rules in larning. This is inconsistent with their positive response on using constructivism in schoolroom. The research workers found that there was a big spread between the research-based theories and schoolroom patterns. The used of educational engineering was besides limited. The instructors were more likely to utilize traditional stuffs like books and printed textual in writing stuffs than utilizing electronic engineering, although each category has computing machines. There are some suggestions on how interactive relationship of the acquisition theories, engineering and project-based acquisition can be achieved in schoolroom from the research workers at the terminal of the article. Part B The research article â€Å" Synergizing teaching method, larning theory and engineering in direction: How can it be done? † is about the usage of constructivism ( larning theory ) and engineering in project-based acquisition ( teaching method ) in simple school. Based on this research, it was found that the instructors did non do pre-planned attempts to unite elements of project-based acquisition, constructivism and engineering to execute a interactive relationship. However, to some extent, some of the findings are applicable in Malaysia as it benefits the pupils and besides instructors. The instruction method ( teaching method ) used in the schoolroom is project-based larning. Project-based acquisition can be defined as â€Å" a comprehensive instructional attack to prosecute pupils in sustained, concerted probe † ( Bransford A ; Stein, 1993 ) . Harmonizing to current research ( Thomas, Mergendoller, A ; Michaelson, 1999 ; Brown A ; Campione, 1994 ) , undertakings are complex undertakings, based on disputing inquiries, that serve to form and drive activities, which taken as a whole sum to a meaningful project.This means that the pupils are given the chances to do probe on the subject to develop their apprehension of the constructs or theories and present their cognition in their ain ways. In relation to Malayan schoolroom, this project-based acquisition can be applied to prosecute the pupils with the lesson. In the instruction and larning rules of Primary School Integrated Curriculum or besides known as KBSR, it states that undertaking is one of the techniques to guarantee instruction and larning effectivity ( Choong, 2008 ) . This is because project-based larning gives them the chance to research on their ain sing the subject being taught. It helps them to get the cognition more easy as they are the 1 who involve in the procedure of garnering the information and showing their thought based on their ain ways. For illustration in larning Science, the pupils have to carry on experiments to verify the constructs or theories that they learn. From here, it involves find larning which means that the pupils actively creates cognition based on the experiments ( Snowman A ; Biehler, 2006 ) . Furthermore, the project-based acquisition is non merely restricted in Science catego ry, since the undertakings are adaptable to different learning state of affairss ( Blumenfeld et al. , 1991 ) . This means that the undertaking besides can be used in other categories like Mathematics, English and so on. Through project-based acquisition, the pupils interact to interchange their sentiments and thoughts and larn to collaborate among themselves. Here, it promotes the sense of answerability in the pupils as they will experience responsible in taking portion actively in the undertaking. Yet, indispensable counsel is needed particularly from the instructor to do certain that the undertaking can be carried out swimmingly and the pupils are on the right path in making their undertaking. Based on the research, we can happen that there is limited application of constructivist rules in the schoolroom. The instructors did utilize the rules but it is non truly stress during the lesson. Harmonizing to Woolfolk ( 2010 ) , â€Å" constructivism emphasizes on the active function of scholars in constructing apprehension and doing sense of information † . It means that, the scholars themselves construct their ain cognition based on their anterior cognition or experiences. The anterior cognition gives impact on the acquisition of the pupils as the pupils have to link their old cognition with the new information to organize meaningful apprehension. There are two constructivist fluctuations which are cognitive constructivism and societal constructivism. Harmonizing to Snowman A ; Biehler ( 2006 ) , â€Å" cognitive constructivism emphasizes the consequence of one ‘s cognitive procedures on meaningful larning while societal constructivism emphasizes the consequence of other people ‘s statements and point of position on meaningful acquisition † . Both are of import in developing the pupils ‘ potencies and abilities in structuring their cognition. In relation to Malayan schoolroom, constructivism is applicable particularly in assisting to develop the originative and critical thought among the pupils. In conformity with rational development which emphasized in the National Philosophy of Education, focal point is given in believing accomplishments in KBSR ( Choong, 2008 ) . Thinking accomplishments here refer to creative and critical thought. Harmonizing to Choong, both are inter-related since the purpose is to enable the pupils to understand, evaluate and use the information received for determination devising and job resolution. By utilizing constructivism in the schoolroom, it helps teacher to ease the acquisition to be more meaningful for the pupils. You read "Use of technology, constructivism theory and project based-learning" in category "Essay examples" Students will happen the acquisition is synergistic and assist them in developing their thought. In using this theory in schoolroom, instructor should be able to associate the lesson with the pupils ‘ experience. This is supported by Nesamalar, et Al ( 20005 ) as they province that â€Å" the students will be more easy understood the elements of his ain immediate environment than that which is foreign and distant † . For case in English linguistic communication schoolroom, if a instructor wants to learn about pollution, he or she should come out with suited pre-reading activity, while reading activity and besides post reading activity. Pre reading activity is normally based on the pupils ‘ anterior cognition sing the subject. Teacher can motivate the pupils by inquiring them what they understand with the term pollution and are they cognizant with pollution jobs or non. From here, the pupils will seek to utilize their old cognition and reply to the instructor. The pupils are really linking their old cognition with the new cognition to organize meaningful apprehension. Lapp goes to post reading activity. For station reading activity, the instructor might inquire the pupils how they feel about pollution and ways to get the better of the pollution. From the activity, it enhances the originative and critical thought accomplishments of the pupils as they have to come out with their ain replies based on the subject. Based on the research, the application of engineering is limited since the instructors prefer to utilize traditional instructional stuffs like books and other print-based textual in writing stuffs in the category although each category has computing machines. In relation to Malayan schoolroom, there are instructors who still utilizing books in instruction and acquisition procedure. Although it seems traditional, instructors believe that books help in their instruction. Some instructors refuse to utilize engineering in their instruction because engineering is clip devouring ( Chong et al, 2005 ) . However, instructors are advised to utilize engineering in their lesson since the usage of engineering in instruction in Malaysia is really of import as one of the tools to accomplish Vision 2020 to enable Malaysia to be one of the universe category instruction suppliers. Through engineering tools like computing machines, pupils learn â€Å" as the computing machines support cognition build ing, geographic expedition, acquisition by making, larning by discoursing and larning by reflecting † ( Snowman A ; Biehler,2006 ) . Besides that, engineering promotes greater coaction among pupils and encourages communicating and the sharing of cognition ( Becta, 2003 as cited in Chong et Al, 2005 ) . It is really of import for instructors to be able to incorporate instruction method, larning theory and engineering in learning and larning procedure to organize a interactive relationship. The three elements should be presented together non in isolation signifier in order to bring forth meaningful lesson to the pupils. This integrating is used to accomplish a comprehensive instructional transmutation at school degree. This research helps instructors to pull off their schoolroom better and affects instructors as pedagogues for since it is parallels with today schoolroom on certain grade. Through these findings, it helps instructors to reflect on their ain learning whether they have successfully incorporating the three elements which are project-based acquisition, constructivism and engineering in the schoolroom. Some instructors might be cognizant with the larning theory but are they practising it in the schoolroom? The instructors who are practising the larning theory in schoolroom are those who truly understand the acquisition theory every bit good as the pupils ‘ demands ( Rio Sumarni Sharafuddin, 2007 ) . Therefore, this research acts as benchmark for instructors in Malaysia to mensurate the effectivity of using teaching method, larning theory and engineering in presenting the cognition to the pupils. There are few suggestions on how to advance these three elements in schoolroom. First, project-based acquisition should be an of import portion of the school course of study. This is because project-based acquisition is students-centered which means that it focuses on the pupils understanding by their ain instead than being spoon-feed by the instructors. Through undertaking based acquisition, the rules of constructivist are indirectly emerging during the acquisition. Here, the pupils learn to build their ain acquisition and associate their anterior cognition to heighten their thought and bring forth meaningful acquisition. Besides that, engineering like computing machines besides needs to be approachable and accessible to instructors and pupils. Harmonizing to Rio Sumarni Sharafuddin ( 2007 ) ; â€Å" With the outgrowth of computing machine engineerings, the constructivist positions in instruction and acquisition seemed easier to be implemented. This is because computing machine engineering is able to back up many of the rules of constructivist acquisition. Although the field of instructional design has evolved greatly, it would be nonmeaningful if these theories are ignored or even worst non practiced by the practicians † . Furthermore, by utilizing engineering, it helps both instructors and pupils in garnering the information from the net and helps to wider their positions. At the same clip, the rules of constructivist are besides embedded indirectly during learning and larning procedure. Another suggestion is instructors need practical cognition in incorporating elements of teaching method, larning theory and engineering. Some instructors might hold great content cognition on the topic they taught, but are they truly incorporating larning theory in presenting the cognition? Practical cognition helps instructors to present effectual lesson to the pupils. Furthermore, larning theory like constructivist is really utile in assisting the instructors to develop practical cognition in instruction. For me personally, I realized that it is non easy to integrate these three elements during lesson. I have to be adept plenty in order to transport out meaningful lesson for my pupils. Using constructivist rules in my instruction pattern can heighten my pupils ‘ thought and their cognitive development. Here, as a hereafter instructor, I should be prepared in making independent larning environment for my pupils. Although it seems rather hard to accomplish, I must remain positive because nil is impossible. As a instructor, I should believe positively so that I will be able to incorporate the three elements which are project-based acquisition, constructivism and engineering in my category successfully. Thus, farther research should be done on this issue as it is really important for instructors and besides future instructors to understand how to organize interactive relationship between the three elements in instruction and acquisition procedure. How to cite Use of technology, constructivism theory and project based-learning, Essay examples

Strengthen the Food Intake Structure In Human Beings

Question: Describe about the Strengthen the Food Intake Structure In Human Beings. Answer: Introduction A chronic disorder like obesity effects individuals as well as populations. Virtually speaking, all obese people develop chronic diseases post 40 years of age in urban areas like Southwark. Medical intervention is required by the age of 60. Obesity is the primary concern in several diseases including cancer, cardiac malfunction, diabetes, etc. There can be several contributing factors to the rise of obesity in urban areas. The factors are psychological, nutritional, habitual, physiological, behavioral, genetic, neurological, social and occasionally even pathological or drug induced. According to Sharma 2009, Telling someone with obesity to simply eat less is about as effective as telling someone with depression to simply cheer up but overeating and eating disorders are important contributing factors effecting obesity rates in urban areas. The common idea about the situation is that in UK obesity is primarily driven by over consumption of nutrient-poor food. Reduction of physical acti vity is another one of the issues contributing to the rise of obesity in urban UK communities. Considering the district of Southwark, we can conclude that one of the daunting health issues faced by the inhabitants of the area is Obesity. Public health has great significance and requires immediate attention in order to address and minimize the issue. The newly adopted health initiatives not only focus on individuals suffering from disease but also cover the wellbeing of the whole population. In Southwark Obesity has emerged as a serious concern because it starts at very early age in children. The assignment discusses the rationale of choosing obesity as a significant health issue in Southwark. The determinants considered and the urban context of the issue is addressed in the assignment. Obesity is a condition in which accumulation of body fat has negative impact on a persons health. Obesity leads to many other diseases and is considered an aftereffect of unhealthy life style of different people all over the world. This report aims to discuss and dissect the root causes of Obesi ty among inhabitants of Southwark, its effects and strategies to address the issue are also discussed in brief detail. c) Rationale, why Obesity is an urban health issue for Southwark The latest figures reveal that the obesity rate in children living in deprived areas of UK is the highest. The data quoted by Health and Social Care Information Center (HSCIC) states that for 6-year-old children of deprived areas obesity rates were recorded to be 24.7%. This was excessively high when compared to the child obesity rate of 13.1% prevailing in rest of the country. The concern here is that there has been increase in percentage of obese people with the passing of every year. The phenomenon of urbanization has been on rise since the last decade; however, deprived areas have faced recurring episodes of health debacles. The population of Southwark is diverse; the community is segregated based on ethnicity, culture as well as language. The people of the community are divided by social stature and financial status. According to a recent survey, it has been indicated that the population of Southwark is approximately 3 million, out of which 63% of the population is white, 8% bla ck Caribbean and 16% black African (Southwark 2000). Obesity is considered as a serious health issue in Southwark as one fourth of the communitys youth population is obese at an early age of 6. According to WHO, obesity statistics have nearly doubled since 1980.Obesity has become a global phenomenon and therefore, therefore the term global obesity is more appropriate. The rise in obesity implicates two major reasons: (1) increment in the intake of energy-rich foods that have extremely high fat content, (2) reduction in physical activity by the people. This result in imbalance between energy consumed and energy expended (Council 2005). The statistics are shown in the following table. This is the kind of addiction that involves food instead of drugs. Food addiction is more common than people think it to be. In most of the cases of food addiction, people keep on eating even if they have no place left in their stomachs. This disorder can also be categorized as abuse of food items; it can cause serious hazards (Councils and Newton 2012). The most common outcomes of this disorder are psychological in nature and can have severe consequences. In this report, we would try to evaluate and understand overeating with the help of existing framework, for substance abuse disorder. Junk food has become the way of life and status symbol for the urban population. People go to high-end restaurants at any given instance just to display their social standing and financial status. The children are awarded with fast food meals for every good deed; every trip is punctuated by fast food breaks. This is primarily an urban problem because such restaurant chains and fast food joints are part of the urban culture. There is practically no mention of vegetables or fruits. Moreover, people residing in urban areas have no time to cook their own food that is why they depend on junk food. These reasons can sufficiently back up the idea that obesity is an urban issue. Is obesity absent in the rural areas? No. However, more people that are obese walk the roads of cities in comparison to villages or the countryside. According to the sick city hypothesis although cities have had the opportunity to be the centre of action and prosperity at all times, they also have had to withstand the worst of plagues, poverty and continuous bouts of health issues. For instance, Southwark is a well to do district of central London but incidentally three out of five residents of the area are experiencing the rage of obesity. Now, obesity is not just a problem, it is the root cause of a number of diseases. It has become a major problem of the area. Then there is the concept of urban health penalty which describes how the urban population is increasing with each passing day and becoming more convoluted. The number of poor people s increasing and the health benefits offered to them are decreasing by the minute. They do not get the most basic of necessities in most of the cases, no healthcare, no food, and no choice. They have to eat what they get. d) Urban Context and determinants to explain Obesity Health is one of the precious blessings of God and it is a fact that everybody wants to live a healthy life. There may be different reasons behind this desire but still their purpose is same: healthy life equals to a happy life. Health is the most amazing blessing that enables a person to enjoy his life without difficulties marring his experience. However, when a persons health is compromised, he is unable to sustain his life and live independently. The growing health issues around the world are making human life pathetic. Almost all the countries have ineffective health policies and incapable health sectors, which never address the health issues properly (Gibbs, Mann and Mathers 2015). The basic needs of millions and billions of people remain unfulfilled. From sanitation issues and malnutrition to unavailability of safe drinking water, there are numerous ills prevailing which drifts humankind towards acute diseases. Thus, human life is drifting towards a major catastrophe. The deter iorating state of affairs calls for a concrete health campaign, which could address the health issues on an urgent basis. This campaign should be introduced and implemented around the world unilaterally. More importantly, continued attention should be paid to the epidemic diseases like obesity so that, it can be wiped out from the developed and underdeveloped areas of the world for example Southwark of London. The key determinants to study the urban issue of obesity are social stature, carrying of different diseases, smoking, malnutrition, number of children and urbanization of the society. The dismal performance on most of these fronts by the inhabitants of area speaks about the impact of this urban health issue. There are many determinants of obesity in the district of Southwark. The list of determinants includes: Diet: An individuals food habit plays a very important role. The family they live in influences their food habit. Therefore, it can be concluded that the urban family structure influences the food habits. Adult obesity can be tracked back to and related to parental obesity. Low cost energy dense food items can attract children as well as adults of urban localities like Southwark where the availability of such items is also high. Physical activity: Nobody is interested in spending time outdoors in this day and time. Adults are too busy, teenagers are too lazy and children are more interested in fries and video games. The urban societal structure has enabled this behavior amongst the urban population. Easy availability of commodities, food items and leisure items has helped this attitude. Obesity is the product of such behavior in the urban population. Moreover, in case of children there is an increased pressure on academic stature and decreased stress on physical activity. Socio-economic status: An interesting dichotomy can be viewed in the relationship between socio-economic status and weight gain. The urban poor of the developed countries are vulnerable because of poor diet availability as well as lack of physical activity. Eat what is cheap and eat what you get is the motto amongst the urban poor. They do not have the liberty or the monetary support to choose food items based on nutritional value. They are bound to choose from a list of available items. Culture and tradition: The set belief system in the urban population has been passed down through generations. The societal structure influences the belief system. This condition is more prevalent in developing countries but flecks of the belief system can also be found in developed countries like UK. There is a common myth in the reserved urban societies that a fat child is a healthy and happy child and a fat adult is a rich adult. In Southwark, the community is essentially rich and believes in showing off their stand in the society that is why overeating and eating at posh restaurants is encouraged. Animal Model of Over Eating and Diagnosis of Food Addiction This study considers the intake of sugar in an eating model. The animal used for testing is a rat. The experimenter would give the rat some food containing glucose after keeping it hungry for 10-12 hours. After a few days, more sugar intake patterns are observed and recorded. The result depicts a strange pattern of increased food intake during the first hour of provision. The observation revealed that the rats developed anxiety at a continuous level and affinity for sugar. On another group of rats, the same procedure was followed except that they were administered food after 30-minute intervals. They also showed affinity for sugar in form of sucrose (Bunyan, Murrell and Shah 1976). This overeating model is now discussed in terms of addiction. This model contains sufficient data to diagnose addiction. The question that needs to be first addressed is consideration of amount of the substance or food that is being used. The sucrose intake reveals the addiction of the animal. Then, the question arises that how much the subject showed dependence on the addictive food material? The weakness of this model is that it does not demonstrate non-discontinuity of the behavior with some application of unpleasant stimulus (Holland 1972). The unpleasant stimuli can be foot shock, nose poke etc. It should demonstrate the changes in the usage pattern under negative influence. This particular thing cannot be seen in this model. Further application of the procedure might also have revealed that even if the rats are given some punishment form of electric shocks or nose pokes, they will remain persistent in obtaining the sucrose. We can conclude that for any model of overeating, we need to observe the variance in disposition to its growth process. Binge eating in human society is a common occurrence similar with all the animal models of over eating because there is pattern of compulsive ingestion that is being followed here. The food that is being used in case of human studies and surveys should be more sugary in nature so that it can come under the category of 'Highly palatable food' for humans (Kolotourou et al. 2013). The normal food that is used for rodents will not show the desired results because the food used will not be tempting rather than it would be normal for the rodents to swallow this food. e) Public health consequences of Obesity on Southwark Obesity being such a deadly disease has lot of negative health impacts on the human body. The impacts range from physical to psychological and affect social scenarios as well. On the physical end, obese people in Southwark have been recorded to develop a lot of serious diseases like high blood pressure, heart issues, stroke, infertility, liver issues and lot of problems for pregnant women. These diseases are deadly and can have serious impact on the human body. The researchers have come up with an alarming news that life expectancy of obese people is reduced by 9 years. If we see the condition of the Southwark community, it is revealed that one of these serious diseases has affected most of them and the root cause of their disease is obesity. On the psychological front, the situation is not very pleasing either as obesity affects the life in real sense. The obese people develop lot of psychological disorders as well which affects their quality of life badly. Some of the most common issues being faced by obese people in Southwark include anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, dissatisfaction and poor quality of life. They always find themselves in a sorry state and seem fed up with life. Similarly, on the social front the situation is quite devastating as well because obese people face lot of discrimination at work, schools, healthcare facilities and even foreign locations. They find it difficult to relate with others and thus avoid public exposure and interaction. Furthermore, they find it difficult to make friends and socialize. Therefore, the impacts of obesity are devastating and life threatening. Neuro-imaging has revealed that food reward can affect the eating behaviors of the species largely. The experiments have shown that although here are individual based differences in response to food stimulus and intake, the same has been observed in animal models as well. The studies relating the two show that some people are able to maintain a healthy posture despite the high intake of fatty foods whereas many other people face obesity and episodic weight gains. This, in turn, shows that some people display less reward for the food that is being used by them and compensate (Gibbs, Mann and Mathers 2015). Here we need to discuss neural adaptation that surfaces due to continued overeating and they can induce perpetual overeating in specie. Intake of toothsome foods affects through endogenous opioids in numerous ways. The agonists of mu-opioid in NAc increase craving for food rich in fat or sugar. On the contrary, opioid antagonists play a role in decreased intake of sugar and palatable meals. Therefore, many people say that they feel compelled to eat sweet items, in the same way an alcoholic feels the craving to drink. These results are being shown through investigation of this sugar model. Food withdrawal also causes imbalance between DA/acetylcholine (ACh) in NAc, in which ACh comes to a dominating position and DA moves towards suppression. This part illustrates the neurochemical changes that occur during the workings of the sugar model selected by us. There is similarity in neural changes that occur during drugs self-administration and overeating or food addiction models. We would try to find out the brain changes, which match the effects of drug abuse, and other over eating models. Food is not considered as a substance of abuse but bingeing and over eating of highly palatable foods can change the viewpoint. This part is actually troublesome because that could lead to serious health issues in the end. Obesity is considered a disease that can be easily controlled and the most essential prerequisite required in that regard is willful attitude and determination to fight the disease. Contrary to this, there is a mindset, which believes the effects of obesity are somewhat similar to drug effects and cannot be brought under control easily by mere self control (Redfern et al. 2000). The medical and social facets are looking into different dimensions of the health issue and making recommendations that could address this epidemic. f) Strategies and interventions to address the urban health issue of obesity Obesity is a serious concern for urban population of Southwark and therefore effective strategies are required to address the issue. It needs to start at individual level and regional as well as State authorities need to chip in by playing their parts. At individual level, parents should take charge of their children. It has been found that breast-fed children are less prone to this deadly disease (Popkin et al. 2012). Therefore, mothers need to adopt this practice and make effective diet plans for their children at an early age. They should avoid giving high-energy foods to their children without arranging for some physical activity for them. Parents should make children eat fresh fruits and vegetables and reduce the intake of sugar. They should not be allowed to sit in front of TV or computer screens for long hours. Similarly adults need to take particular care of their diets and exercise plans. They also need to avoid high-energy stuff and correct their food intake. It is evident that there is no single cause behind the gradual increase in average obesity. Increase in physical inactivity, provisioning of cheap and palatable food has added weight in the balance to increase the obesity figures. As there was no refined and palatable food in old times so, obesity was not encouraged by food intake back then. In our modern society, we are constantly being influenced by different foods through the internet, television, radio, newspapers and many other sources of media. These act as catalysts infusing the craving for food and forcing us to come out of our dormitories and move towards the lavish dines. The other fact is that food is no longer rare in most of the developed societies; it is readily available, diverse, flavorful, cheap, and abundant (McDermott and Potton 2008). Therefore, new research has been able to show that the behavior of over eating is not an issue of will only rather than that it corresponds to neural changes that match with the drug use. It would be surprising to note that the state of an alcoholic person and an obese person is actually the same when they have no control over their drinking or binge eating. This grave condition definitely calls for urgent recommendation. In this regard, an effective and consistent healthcare campaign throughout Southwark is pertinent. The campaign should recruit some of the most renowned doctors working across the country to eliminate such disorders. Moreover, through this campaign the UNO should also come forward to work for this humane cause (McConnell 2011). The first recommendation for the implementation of this healthcare campaign is mass awareness. Until and unless, masses are made aware of the consequences of this deadly disease, it is impossible to prevent further spread of the disease. Through this health campaign, learned men should visit urban areas in order to educate masses about the health issues. In addition, there must be a strict enforcement of law and order. The health organizations should keep a check and balance over the food quality being produced in the area. Those who are involved in malpractices such as producing low quality food should be severely punished. The authorities should play their incumbent role by promoting public welfare (Economos et al. 2014). No doubt, an effective health campaign will mitigate the present challenge to a greater extent. Yet it may have to face a number of challenges in the form of coordination, control and collaboration amongst the authorities within the region. Obesity is not a concern for UK alone as the entire world is facing this issue although the level or extent varies as the lifestyles differ from one country to another, but the basic factors are somewhat constant all around (Tchernof and Desprs 2013). It is all about maintaining the right kind of balance in your life and if there is some kind of deviation from normal pattern the body responds in the form of a disruption like obesity, which creates a negative impression for the effected. The problem with this deadly disease is that it starts very early during childhood and the effected child have to bear with the consequences all his or her life. The children make it worse through their bad food habits, which mainly involve continued intake of junk food. Children should have a guided and supervised food intake routine. Nutritious food should be the norm. The problem with a disease like this is that it develops lot of other diseases as well. In short, it disturbs the whole body by affe cting different processes. We can conclude that for any model of overeating, we need to observe the variance in disposition to its growth process (Silverstone 1981). Binge eating in human society is a global feature because a pattern of compulsive ingestion is being followed here. The food considered is high in sugar content, which entitles it to come under the category of 'highly palatable food' for human beings. The most common types of eating disorders like anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder cause severe changes in eating behaviors of human and as a result cause serious health problems (Marsh 1977). The problems most commonly associated with anorexia nervosa include thinning of bones, drying yellowish skin, constipation, brain damage, multi organ failure and infertility. On the other hand, bulimia nervosa causes imbalance of electrolytes, dehydration, intestinal disorder, sore throat and tooth decay. Binge eating leads to fluctuating blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases. It ha s been claimed by researchers that most people with eating disorders have to confront psychological issues as well (Shearn). Some of the most commonly found psychological disorders among patients with eating disorder include anxiety, panic, obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression. Recommendations and Conclusions Wheel structure and a lineage of physical activity can help strengthen the food intake structure in human beings (Karnik and Kanekar 2015). Physical activity is the main tool to handle and curb all the epidemics that occur due to diet-based disparity, for instance obesity. We can also control obesity by limiting food intake or by minimizing the palatability of the food content that is ingested. The intake of junk food or the food that are rich in fat and sugar contents should be manipulated to cure diet-based obesity (Madden et al. 2005). It is evident that there is no single cause behind the gradual increase in average obesity. Increase in physical inactivity, provisioning of cheap and palatable food has added weight in the balance to increase the obesity figures. Refined or highly palatable food was not a part of the early societal structure and therefore food was not the one factor responsible for obesity back then. It did not cause obesity at that time. Groups that are engaged to develop different activities anomalous to the daily routines of individuals in a community can help incorporate healthy living habits in communities. There should be a realistic schedule and regular weight maintenance goals. These steps can rescue the obese population from morbidities like type 2 atherosclerosis, diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia (Casazza et al. 2013). There should be a program for weight loss supervised by physicians, trainers, therapists, dieticians and instructors. Over consumption of food can cause different changes in the neural system that makes a species dependent on food intake. Therefore, actually, if the rats of the experiment become addicted to some food then it should be considered that neural adaptation has occurred retrospectively. The human beings paint a similar picture. (Maryon-Davis 2005). Obesity does not present insurmountable hurdles in the path of healthy living but yes, it does paint a scary picture. It is better to recognize the threat it presents in todays society to curb the problem at the earliest. With proper surveillance and action-oriented plan, obesity is a problem that can be tackled without much difficulty. Bibliography Bunyan, J., Murrell, E.A. and Shah, P.P., 1976. The induction of obesity in rodents by means of monosodium glutamate. British Journal of Nutrition, 35(01), pp.25-39. Casazza, K., Fontaine, K.R., Astrup, A., Birch, L.L., Brown, A.W., Bohan Brown, M.M., Durant, N., Dutton, G., Foster, E.M., Heymsfield, S.B. and McIver, K., 2013. Myths, presumptions, and facts about obesity.New England Journal of Medicine,368(5), pp.446-454. Council, S., 2005. Southwark Council-Latest Health and social carenews. Councils, L. and Newton, C., 2012. Health priorities for London set by new board. Economos, C.D., Bakun, P.J., Herzog, J.B., Dolan, P.R., Lynskey, V.M., Markow, D., Sharma, S. and Nelson, M.E., 2014. Children's perceptions of weight, obesity, nutrition, physical activity and related health and socio-behavioural factors.Public health nutrition,17(01), pp.170-178. Gibbs, S., Mann, G. and Mathers, N., 2015. Child-to-Child: a practical guide: empowering children as active citizens. World. Holland, W.W., 1972. Health services in London. Br Med J, 2(5807), pp.233-233. Karnik, S. and Kanekar, A., 2015. Childhood obesity: a global public health crisis.Int J Prev Med, 2012. 3 (1), pp.1-7. Kolotourou, M., Radley, D., Chadwick, P., Smith, L., Orfanos, S., Kapetanakis, V., Singhal, A., Cole, T.J. and Sacher, P.M., 2013. Is BMI alone a sufficient outcome to evaluate interventions for child obesity?. Childhood Obesity, 9(4), pp.350-356. Madden, A., Ash, R., Harrex, R. and Radalowicz, J., 2005. Improving School Meals in the London Borough of Southwark. Madden, A., Ash, R., Harrex, R. and Radalowicz, J., 2005. Improving School Meals in the London Borough of Southwark an Evaluation of a Healthy Eating Intervention. Marsh, G.V., 1977. Hospital Adminjstration: The New OrderProblems of Obesity. The Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, 97(2), pp.70-73. Maryon-Davis, A., 2005. Weight management in primary care: how can it be made more effective?. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 64(01), pp.97-103. McConnell, J., 2011. Healthy eating. McDermott, M.R. and Potton, A., 2008. Tackling teenage obesity: literature review and project proposal. Owusu-Dabo, E., Smeeth, L. and Addo, J., Rational and cross-sectional study design of the Research on Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes among African Migrants: The RODAM study. Parry, L., Saxena, S. and Christie, D., 2010. Addressing an overweight child and an unaware parent in the general practice consultation. London journal of primary care, 3(1), pp.42-44. Popkin, B.M., Adair, L.S. and Ng, S.W., 2012. Global nutrition transition and the pandemic of obesity in developing countries.Nutrition reviews,70(1), pp.3-21. Redfern, J., McKevitt, C., Dundas, R., Rudd, A.G. and Wolfe, C.D., 2000. Behavioral risk factor prevalence and lifestyle change after stroke a prospective study. Stroke, 31(8), pp.1877-1881. Ridgeway, E., Sugar and Obesity. Shearn, H., Mental Well-being Impact Assessment (MWIA). Silverstone, T., 1981. Medical Complications of Obesity. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 74(2), p.172. Southwark, L.B., 2005. London Grid for Learning-London Borough of Southwark. Tchernof, A. and Desprs, J.P., 2013. Pathophysiology of human visceral obesity: an update.Physiological reviews,93(1), pp.359-404.

10 Steps of Glycolysis

10 Steps of Glycolysis Glycolysis literally means splitting sugars and is the process of releasing energy within sugars. In glycolysis, glucose (a six-carbon sugar) is split into two molecules of the three-carbon sugar pyruvate. This multistep process yields two molecules of ATP (free energy containing molecule), two molecules of pyruvate, and two high energy electron carrying molecules of NADH. Key Takeaways: Glycolysis Glycolysis is the process of breaking down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. It produces ATP and is the first stage of cellular respiration. Glycolysis can occur with or without oxygen. In the presence of oxygen, glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration. In the absence of oxygen, glycolysis allows cells to make small amounts of ATP through the process of fermentation. Glycolysis takes place in the cytosol of the cells cytoplasm. However, the next stage of cellular respiration, known as the citric acid cycle, occurs in the matrix of cell mitochondria. Below are the 10 steps of glycolysis. Step 1 The enzyme hexokinase phosphorylates - adds a phosphate group to - glucose in the cells cytoplasm. In the process, a phosphate group from ATP is transferred to glucose producing glucose 6-phosphate. The equation is: Glucose (CStep 2 The enzyme phosphoglucoisomerase converts glucose 6-phosphate into its isomer fructose 6-phosphate. Isomers have the same molecular formula, but the atoms of each molecule are arranged differently. The equation for this step is: Glucose 6-phosphate (CStep 3 The enzyme phosphofructokinase uses another ATP molecule to transfer a phosphate group to fructose 6-phosphate to form fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate. The equation is: Fructose 6-phosphate (CStep 4 The enzyme aldolase splits fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate into two sugars that are isomers of each other. These two sugars are dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde phosphate. The equation is: Fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate (CStep 5 The enzyme triose phosphate isomerase rapidly inter-converts the molecules dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is removed as soon as it is formed to be used in the next step of glycolysis. The two equations for this step are: Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (CNet result for step Nos. 4 and 5: Step 6 The enzyme triose phosphate dehydrogenase serves two functions in this step. First, the enzyme transfers a hydrogen (H-) from glyceraldehyde phosphate to the oxidizing agent nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to form NADH. Next, triose phosphate dehydrogenase adds a phosphate (P) from the cytosol to the oxidized glyceraldehyde phosphate to form 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate. This occurs for both molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate produced in step 5. The two equations for this step are: A. Triose phosphate dehydrogenase + 2 HB. Triose phosphate dehydrogenase + 2 P + 2 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (CStep 7 The enzyme phosphoglycerokinase transfers a P from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to a molecule of ADP to form ATP. This happens for each molecule of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. The process yields two 3-phosphoglycerate molecules and two ATP molecules. The equation is: 2 molecules of 1,3-bisphoshoglycerate (CStep 8 The enzyme phosphoglyceromutase relocates the P from 3-phosphoglycerate from the third carbon to the second carbon to form 2-phosphoglycerate. The equation is: 2 molecules of 3-Phosphoglycerate (CStep 9 The enzyme enolase removes a molecule of water from 2-phosphoglycerate to form phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). This happens for each molecule of 2-phosphoglycerate. The equation is: 2 molecules of 2-Phosphoglycerate (CStep 10 The enzyme pyruvate kinase transfers a P from PEP to ADP to form pyruvate and ATP. This happens for each molecule of phosphoenolpyruvate. This reaction yields two molecules of pyruvate and two ATP molecules. The equation is: 2 molecules of phosphoenolpyruvate (CEnd Result MediaForMedica l /UIG / Getty Images A single glucose molecule in glycolysis produces a total of two molecules of pyruvate, two molecules of ATP, two molecules of NADH, and two molecules of water. Although two ATP molecules are used in step Nos. 1 through 3, two ATP molecules are generated in step No. 7 and two more in step No. 10. This gives a total of four ATP molecules produced. If you subtract the two ATP molecules used in step Nos. 1 through 3 from the four generated at the end of step No. 10, you end up with a net total of two ATP molecules produced.

Insectivores - Insectivora - The Animal Encyclopedia

Insectivores - Insectivora - The Animal Encyclopedia Insectivores (Insectivora) are a group of mammals that include hedgehogs, moonrats, shrews, and moles. Insectivores are generally small mammals with nocturnal habits. There are about 365 species of insectivores alive today. Most insectivores have small eyes and ears and a long snout. Some do not have visible ear flaps but have a keen sense of hearing. They have clawed toes on each foot, and the pattern and number of their teeth are rather primitive. Some insectivores such as otter-shrews and moonrats have a long body. Moles have a more cylindrical body, and hedgehogs have a round body. Some insectivores such as tree moles and shrews are adept tree climbers. Insectivores rely more on their sense of smell, hearing, and touch than their vision and some species of shrews can navigate their environment using echolocation. The bones in the inner ear of insectivores are different than other mammals. They lack an ossified temporal bone, and the tympanic membrane is attached to a bony tympanic ring while their middle ear is closed off by surrounding bones. Insectivores live in terrestrial habitats around the world. Additionally, some species of insectivores inhabit aquatic environments while others burrow. Moles spend most of their time below ground in their tunnels they excavate. Shrews generally live above ground and build burrows for shelter and sleeping. Some species live in boggy areas where rotting vegetation, rocks, and rotting logs are common. Other species inhabit arid regions including deserts. Moles and shrews are usually active throughout the year. Hedgehogs are easily recognized by their rotund shape and spines. Their spines consist of tough keratin and serve as a defense mechanism. When threatened, hedgehogs roll into a tight ball so their spines are exposed and their face and belly are protected. Hedgehogs are mostly nocturnal. As their name implies, insectivores feed on insects and other small invertebrates such as spiders and worms. The diet of insectivores is not restricted to invertebrates and also includes a wide variety of plants and animals. Water shrews feed on small fish, amphibians, and crustaceans while hedgehogs feed on birds eggs and small vertebrates. Many species of insectivores locate their prey using their keen sense of smell or by using their sense of touch. The star-nosed mole, for example, not only has a sharp sense of smell, but it also has a nose with many small and touch-sensitive tentacles that enable it to find and capture their prey. Classification Animals Chordates Mammals Insectivores There are four living subgroups of insectivores. These include the hedgehogs, moonrats, and gymnures (Erinaceidae); the shrews (Soricidae); the moles, tree moles and desmans (Talpidae); and the solenodons (Solenodontidae). Insectivores are thought to be most closely related to bats, hoofed mammals, and carnivores. The classification of insectivores is not well understood. Insectivores have a primitive mammalian body plan and are in many ways generic in their appearance. For this reason, insectivores have been classified in several other mammal groups in the past such as the tree shrews or elephant shrews. Additionally, some adaptations insectivores exhibit are convergent with the adaptations of other groups- a fact that further confuses the proper placement of insectivores within the mammals. Previous classification schemes once placed tree shrews and elephant shrews in the insectivores, but today they are classified in their own separate orders. It is possible that other animal groups such as golden moles may be removed from the insectivores as new information comes to light. Evolution Insectivores are considered to be among the most primitive groups of mammals. Some primitive traits insectivores still exhibit include a small brain and testes that do not descend into a scrotum.

How to maxamize revenue at small business marina on a lake Research Paper

How to maxamize revenue at small business marina on a lake - Research Paper Example This is because well established large scale businesses enjoy economies of scale when they offer large scale products. Furthermore, well established business can afford to hire qualified workforce and provide employee training that result to efficiency of operations. Small lake marinas face stiff competitions for customers from the public operated marinas and big lake marinas. The big lake marinas and public run marinas have stable sources of finances to finance their activities. In addition, due to large scale of operation the rival marina owners are able to enjoy low cost recreational services hence enabling them to charge their clients competitive fees. Also, the public marinas and big lake marinas are able to provide better services to their clients due to their ability to hire qualified workers (Cooper, & Burke, 2011). There are other cheaper alternative recreational facilities that limit the performance of marinas; hence marina operators should utilize efficient technology to p rovide a wide range of recreation facilities and increase business profitability. The growth of small business revenue depends on the managers ability to use the finances appropriately throughout the financial year. Many businesses face characteristic fluctuations in the flow of finances since in some periods the income is lower than the cost with some seasons of huge sales hence greater incomes (Kariv, 2013). Therefore, since the fixed cost of running the business remains constant throughout the year, the business managers should be able to distribute their incomes throughout the financial year. However, small scale businesses are rarely able to distribute their finances throughout the year because of lack of financial reserves (Prosek, 2011). For this reason, small scale business relies heavily on borrowings from banks and other financial institutions that charge interest on the loans hence reducing the business

US Criminal Justice-Incarceration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

US Criminal Justice-Incarceration - Essay Example Locking up the criminals and isolating them from the society would prevent them from committing more crimes. Moreover, incarceration would introduce the criminals to criminal lifestyle, which they would never like to adopt for themselves. However, there are other people who do not agree with these views. They believe that incarceration changes nothing, the prisoners are just â€Å"locked up† and the â€Å"key is thrown away†. According to them, this system does not do enough good to the society. The present essay examines the different approaches in regards of incarceration, analyze the present situation, and provide a viable conclusion at the end. In USA, the policy of criminal justice has been shaped under the guidance of President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice (1969). According to Samuel Walker, this commission issued a report called â€Å"The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society†, which had ground breaking effects. The report had over two hundred recommendations, which developed a comprehensive approach in fighting and prevention of crime in the United States. This involved a system that required coordination among the courts, law enforcement agencies, and correctional agencies. Incarceration is an important instrument in relation to the activities of the correctional agencies. Actually, incarceration would effectively do the following: However, people who are against incarceration have their own arguments. According to Hide Yamatani and Solveig Spjeldnes, â€Å"The Second Chance Act of 2007 (P.L. 110-199) is a federal recognition that the decades old strategy of locking up the criminals in the name of public safety has been disastrous.† In this context, elimination of racial discrimination and disparity in regards of recidivism among the people who are exposed to the social services during their imprisonment is critical indeed. Hence, â€Å"seamless, intensive, and comprehensive

The causes and effects of torture in prison

The causes and effects of torture in prison Prison Torture explains the harmful consequences that prison torture can cause to the detainees and why it should be abolished. The first part of this paper discusses the common causes of prison torture in which the most known is obtaining confidential information from criminals. The second part of this paper reflects the physical consequences of the prisoner during the process of torture. The third part explains how the experience of being tortured can lead to post-traumatic psychological disorders and other issues. This traumatic disorder could eventually intervene in the individuals behavior towards the society. In brief, torture in prison may generate results that could be even worse than the crimes committed by prisoners and therefore it should be banned. Introduction There are deplorable insights on the realism of life within prisons in the United States and around the world. Sadistic actions and treatment that are almost similar happen in all prisons evoking a lot of debate from human rights activists among other concerned bodies on the magnitude of torture in prisons. Torture varies in different prisons but at the end of the day, the human rights of a prisoner are violated. Some corrective institutions release prisoners to fierce dogs and they are savaged for about half an hour or so, other torture methods include electrocuting with Cattle Prods which is very traumatizing, in some cases a prisoner is burned by highly toxic or corrosive chemicals, among other barbaric abuse. Looking in the societal context a prisoners are considered to have little powers as long as they are behind bars. This explains why a prisoner is the most vulnerable to torture. Although a prisoner finds himself or herself behind bars owing to wrongdoing or breaking laws of a given society they are viewed as isolated people; who deserves to be deprived their freedom or liberty hence they are well placed in prisons. A common cause of prison torture is in a case where a prisoner is abused to obtain confidential information from him, this is common in war crimes, terrorism, or crimes against the state for instance treason. In some States, a prison or a corrective institution may choose to use torture on culprits in case they want to curb serious crimes like illegal movements and cults, drugs networks etc. Criminals netted in relation to specific crimes are tortured to a point of confession. American criminal judicial system is extremely ineffective, expensive, and revoltingly merciless with a rich history with racism. Most city departments are famous for their notorious brutality hence there is a record of over 2 million people in corrective or federal facilities; while other 3.5 million are placed under other types of social control like community service. For this reason Americans reformists came up with modern prisons in support of anti torture policies; they argued that even hard-core criminals would reform by imprisonment alone, hard labor and contrition. Although slavery was not legitimized, captives were punished for crime (Jared Elizabeth, 2006). Following the Abu Ghraib military prisoner torture and abuse scandal in the year 2004, prison torture was redefined since so much was revealed through leaked video tapes (Jared Elizabeth, 2006). Therefore many independent observers and researchers went ahead to explore the activities of torture in various prisons around America. It was evident that most prisons used similar or closely related ways of torture. Study shows that the brutality prisoners are exposed to leave irreversible physical and psychological scars or even cause death. In cases where prison officials use toxic chemicals on prisoners, it is obvious severe physical disfigurations may occur due to burns and erosion of flesh by the harsh chemicals some victims burn to death. Some prisons deprive the torture victims medical attention even after inflicting wounds on them. Moreover some prisons avail medical care which either is too little or too late. Other institutions may choose to have dogs that are released to prisoners in an enclosure and they let them savage on the prisoner causing so much pain and even loss of limbs or other body parts. Ruthless beating and kicks may cause fractures and cuts, which may worsen if they go untreated at times, they rot and a prisoner ends up losing the fractured part of the body. Some officers are so radical that they may choose to amputate a prisoner without anesthesia. The most common method of torture in prisons around the world is the electrocution using cattle prod; this can cause severe brain damage. Sexual abuse takes place every day in almost every prison in the world this is a form of torture from prison officials or fellow prisoners who may be forced to engage in sodomy, homicide and other inhumane acts like rape (Gebhardt, 2004). There are episodes in life that cannot be erased from the mind of a human being; Thus Personal experiences can make or damage the life of a prisoner. In most prisons the criminals are tortured before their fellow inmates hence their counterparts may see a prisoner tortured to death, their lives are filled with fear and anxiety and it is likely to find them hallucinating or they are rendered in permanent shock. Psychological and Social consequences are very common in victims of prison torture psychological outcomes include conditions like Post-traumatic psychiatric where a victim may have experienced a brain injury or brain trauma. This is symbolized by changes in personality traits, disorientation, confusion and at times impaired memory (Dylan, 2006). A victim of prison torture may never be able to interact freely with the people around him or her. This due to various factors that affect them from low self esteem to dull emotional responses like sexual inappropriateness especially if sexually abused, paranoid, aggressiveness etc A person who has experienced prison torture may change or may not change their lifestyle of crime; this could be because of general outlook of life. Some tend to harden and even become hardcore criminals than they were before. They develop a tendency to hate on law enforcers and all they want is to associate with criminals and rebels. Their relationship even with family and friends deteriorates since they feel unwanted. Many a times they may have episodes of their lives in their mind and they may do weird things like screaming, nightmares, wailing, or even trying to fight back; so they prefer staying alone (Coltheart, 2009). Torture might be a method used to gain information and to punish prisoners for decades, but we have to consider the use of other procedures. Torturing should also be considered as a crime, because the torturers behavior of causing pain and simulating death is an unethical process used by criminals as well. Revisiting the infamous horrors of Nazi prisons, which was discovered after the World War II; it really enhanced awareness all over the world about the extensive use of torture to get information from prisoners (Zinger, 2006). Movements such as World Medical Association (WMA) emerged in 1947 following protests and mission to curb torture and other cruel penal approaches used on prisoners. According to (Burgers Mark, 1994) the United Nations further endorsed conventions against torture of prisoners that are in place until today. It defines torture as any act by which severe pain or suffering. This may be physical or mental and intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession. It is aimed at punishing him for an act he has or is suspected of having committed. It can also be aimed at intimidating or coercing him or a third person for any reason based on discrimination of some kind. when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, or incidental to lawful sanctions (UN, 2007).Thus prison torture is illegal according to the international law.

Quality of Work Life Essay

In today’s high tech, fast-paced world, the work environment is very different than it was a generation ago. It is now rare for a person to stay with a single company his or her entire working life. There are multiple reasons for this, but mostly because employees are often willing to leave a company for better opportunities, companies need to find ways not only to hire qualified people, but also to retain them. As more companies start to realize that a happy employee is an effective employee, they have started to look for ways to improve the work environment. Many have implemented various work-life programs to help employees, including alternate work arrangements, onsite childcare, exercise facilities, relaxed dress codes, and more. Quality-of-work-life programs go beyond work/life programs by focusing attention less on employee needs outside of work and realizing that job stress and the quality of life at work is even more direct bearing on worker satisfaction. Open communications, mentoring programs, and fostering more amicable relationships among workers are some of the ways employers are improving the quality of work life. Emerging Trends Forces For Change A factor contributing to the problem was that the workers themselves were changing. They became educated, more affluent (partly because of the effectiveness of classical job design), and more independent. They began reaching for higher-order needs, something more than merely earning their bread. Employers now had two reasons for re-designing jobs and organisations for a better QWL: * Classical design originally gave inadequate attention to human needs. * The needs and aspirations of workers themselves were changing. Humanised Work Through QWL One option was to re-design jobs to have the attributes desired by people, and re-design organisations to have the environment desired by the people. This approach seeks to improve QWL. There is a need to give workers more of a challenge, more of a whole task, more opportunity to use their ideas. Close attention to QWL provides a more humanised work environment. It attempts to serve the higher-order needs of workers as well as their more basic needs. It seeks to employ the higher skills of workers and to provide an environment that encourages them to improve their skills. The idea is that human resources should be developed and not simply used. Further, the work should not have excessively negative conditions. It should not put workers under undue stress. It should not damage or degrade their humanness. It should not be threatening or unduly dangerous. Finally, it should contribute to, or at least leave unimpaired, workers’ abilities to perform in other life roles, such as citizen, spouse and parent. That is, work should contribute to general social advancement. Job Enlargement vs. Job Enrichment The modern interest in quality of work life was stimulated through efforts to change the scope of people’s jobs in attempting to motivate them. Job scope has two dimensions – breadth and depth. Job breadth is the number of different tasks an individual is directly responsible for. It ranges from very narrow (one task performed repetitively) to wide (several tasks). Employees with narrow job breadth were sometimes given a wider variety of duties in order to reduce their monotony; this process is called job enlargement. In order to perform these additional duties, employees spend less time on each duty. Another approach to changing job breadth is job rotation, which involves periodic assignment of an employee to completely different sets of job activities. Job rotation is an effective way to develop multiple skills in employees, which benefits the organisation while creating greater job interest and career options for the employee. Job enrichment takes a different approach by adding additional motivators to a job to make it more rewarding. It was developed by Frederick Herzberg on the basis of his studies indicating that the most effective way to motivate workers was by focusing on higher-order needs. Job enrichment seeks to add depth to a job by giving workers more control, responsibility and discretion over hoe their job is performed. The difference between enlargement and enrichment is illustrated in the figure on the next page.

New Step by Step Roadmap for College Papers

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