Comparing and Contrasting Young Goodman Brown and the Lottery

Comparing and Contrasting â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† and â€Å"The Lottery† By: Wayne Gillard II Professor C. Givens ENGL 102-B19 Wayne Gillard Prof. Givens ENGL 102-B19 Essay 1 Outline Thesis: The literary works of â€Å"The Lottery† and â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† both appear to show the fallibleness of human behavior and judgment. I. Introduction/Statement of Thesis II. Themes and Author’s Purpose a. The Lottery i. The hazards of following tradition or living according to society norms; doing things just because society accepts and follows. ii. The author’s purpose is to show how easily people are influenced by society and those around them. iii. Another theme is the occasional randomness of persecution or†¦show more content†¦This theme shows how the author purposefully wanted the audience to see how easily people are influenced by society, those governing them, and those around them. In Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† although the decision to visit the devil was not one Goodman Brown following the crowd, he soon realized he had not been the only one tempted to visit the devil. Actually upon his meeting the devil, he realized that he did not want to continue his journey and wanted to return back home to his wife, Faith, but soon realized many of the townspeople were companions with satan. The themes of â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† are that religion or religious actions do not make someone righteous and although we have an appeal to live right, there is a small desire to try the â€Å"dark side†. Goodman Brown knew right from wrong growing up in the Puritan community, he also had individuals who would teach him the doctrine of his religion; however just like many people, Goodman Brown had to see what it would be like to travel into the wilderness and visit the devil. While Goodman Brown was on his way he begin to hear familiar voices and see familiar people—those who have taught him the â€Å"right† way of living. Of course since the wilderness was no place for a saint to be Goodman Brown would hide so that the others could not view him of being in error of the Christian faith. This is how the theme religionShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages399 Experiential Exercise What Is a Leader? 399 E thical Dilemma Undercover Leaders 399 Case Incident 1 Leadership Mettle Forged in Battle 400 Case Incident 2 Leadership Factories 400 13 Power and Politics 411 A Definition of Power 412 Contrasting Leadership and Power 413 Bases of Power 414 Formal Power 414 †¢ Personal Power 415 †¢ Which Bases of Power Are Most Effective? 416 †¢ Power and Perceived Justice 416 Dependence: The Key to Power 416 The General Dependence Postulate 416 †¢ What CreatesRead MoreDamodaran Book on Investment Valuation, 2nd Edition398423 Words   |  1594 Pagesof Relative Valuation Chapter 18: Earnings Multiples Chapter 19: Book Value Multiples Chapter 20: Revenue and Sector-Specific Multiples Chapter 21: Valuing Financial Service Firms Chapter 22: Valuing Firms with Negative Earnings Chapter 23: Valuing Young and Start-up Firms Chapter 24: Valuing Private Firms Chapter 25: Acquisitions and Takeovers Chapter 26: Valuing Real Estate Chapter 27: Valuing Other Assets Chapter 28: The Option to Delay and Valuation Implications Chapter 29: The Option to ExpandRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagesmanagerial orientation which recognizes that success primarily depends upon identifying changing customer wants and developing products and services which match these better than those of competitors (Doyle, 1987; see also Wilson and Fook, 1990). The contrasting emphases on customers and competitors can be highlighted as in Figure 1.1. If an enterprise is managed a little better than customers expect, and if this is done in a slightly better way than competitors can manage, then the enterprise should be

Expectancy Violation Theory Free Essays

Sanchez, JR PC – Abcomm 013 Expectancy Violation Theory by Judee Burgoon How do you suppose arousal manifests itself in conversations between teachers and students? (TITLE) A present fragment of the Expectancy Violation Theory is the Existence of arousals or distractions to the recipients of a communication episode. And given this activity, I am explaining, to my extent gulp*, how an arousal manifests itself in a teacher-student conversation. Arousals are these manifestations when violations are present in an on-going exchange of thoughts between two or more people; it has also been stated that Expectancy Violation Theory focuses mainly on non-verbal communication. We will write a custom essay sample on Expectancy Violation Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now Arousals are described in two forms namely the Physical and Cognitive. Depict a classroom, where a student was asked to come for a consultation meeting concerning his grade. Unexpectedly, while the consultation is taking place, a student decided to touch the teacher in the shoulder while looking at his/her progress in the records, but in opposition to what the teacher has in mind, it’s one format of â€Å"invasion of personal space, or bubble† on the teacher’s perspective. An arousal would make known of itself in this conversation because of the unexpected turn of events, specifically the student’s moving-in-touching-the-teacher’s-shoulder-step, because the teacher is thinking inversely as the pupil, a physical arousal will immerge from the event and there will violation occur, following the next procedures, and then will EVT pronounce. Another situation, concerning again the teacher and a student, where in the arousal-generator is the pupil, assume there’s a classroom once more, but this time, an everyday mobilization is going. The teacher discussing, students always doing their best to listen to what the teacher is speaking, etc. The teacher then wanted and decided to call a pupil to answer a certain question about their lesson, while requesting for the answer, the teacher then decided to be hard on the student, to extract more words that made the pupil reflect that his/her space is being invaded. Once more, an arousal will announce itself; a cognitive type of arousal would be present because it’s only in the mind, in mental awareness. The arousal did manifest on that given situation because there was, of course, the invasion of bubble. That’s basically the theoretical cause of many arousals, begins from bubble invasion, followed by the arousal. I am not familiar of any Arousal Mechanisms, but with its name, AMs or Arousal Mechanisms maybe those hidden actions or attitudes present in one person that the other person didn’t expect happening. The first situation has a physical arousal, wherein there are bodily changes resulting from violations, the touching of the student did bolster the physical arousal to commence. The AM here is the touching of the student where invasion of personal space is in a physical format. The second situation has a cognitive form of arousal because, like I said from the text, it is cognitive because it’s only mental, only in the mind. The AM here is the teacher’s harsh words thrown at the pupil to answer the question the teacher is asking about their present lesson. As expected, arousal would occur at a given communication episode if there is an invasion of personal space, more expectantly from different mannerisms or used-to-do things of the participants. How to cite Expectancy Violation Theory, Papers

Case Study Report of the Coca-Cola Company Samples for Students

Question: Write a Strategic Management Case Study Report. Answer: Company Background Coca-Cola is a company that deals with the manufacture and sale of soft drinks. The company began in 1886 by a pharmacist who had created a soft drink that was later sold at soda fountains that later spread to other parts of the world(Foster, 2012). The company headquarters are based in Atlanta, Georgia, in the United States currently headed by Muhtar Kent, the CEO(Hays, 2010). It is the world largest beverage company dealing in the creation of non alcoholic brands like soda, juice, water, ready to drink coffee and teas and energy/sports drinks. According to the company website, the five beverage brands in which the company owns in the market include; Fanta, Coca-Cola, Sprite and Diet Coke. Company Mission The mission of the company states that; to refresh the world in Mind, Body and Spirit; to inspire the moments of optimism and happiness through our brand actions; and to create value and make a difference. Company Vision The vision of the company is embodied in six categories namely; Inspiring people to the best we can through provision of a better workplace. Offering a portfolio of drink brands to the world, that anticipates and satisfies peoples desires and needs. Nurturing a network of partnership that is winning and building a mutual society. Helping to build and support sustainable communities to make a difference by being responsible citizens. Being mindful of overall responsibilities while maximizing long term return to shareholders. Being a highly effective, lean and fast moving organization in terms of productivity. Coca-Cola SWOT Analysis in Matrix Form SWOT analysis is an important strategic planning mechanism for an organization analysis and identification of its strengths, weaknesses, available opportunities and threats faced in its business plans and objectives(Aaker, 2008). According to the 2016 Annual Report of Coca-Cola Company, a SWOT analysis of the company was done involving all the components of SWOT. In a matrix representation, this is the SWOT analysis of the Coca-Cola Company; Strengths Incredible identity of brands sold worldwide and strong customer loyalty. Robust distribution products. Strong and creativity in advertising and marketing of their products. Its signature logo, with known white and red colors and the jingle resound of the beverages for all ages. Weakness The poor water management system that is a main ingredient in the business leaves the Coca-Cola system with capacity constraints or higher costs that eventually affect the net profitability. The concern of the beverages being carbonated has increased the concerns over obesity and diabetes which they havent found a healthier solution Opportunities Through the brand identity and loyal customers, the company could be able to create newer products to broaden horizons of their current offerings. Threats The possibility of water reducing due to climate change, while water is their main commodity in the beverage business. The health related concerns and obesity threatens their future sales. Increased competition by other beverage companies like PepsiCo, Mondelez and Starbucks. The company strengths lie in; Advertisement and capabilities in marketing. The advertising expenses annually accounts for about 7% of the total revenue and is rated the world largest beverage advertiser(Aaker, Kumar, Day, 2008). The advantages received from advertisements are; The brand is highly promoted hence increased sales. The product features of the brand are well communicated to customers. New products in the market can be introduced effectively. The introduced brands message is well communicated to the public. According to a 2015 company report, advertisement and marketing expenses had generated revenue US$44.3 that translates to around 15.4%. It was rated second after PepsiCo Company in terms of revenue creation. Marketing and advertisement is therefore its secret to large customer attraction and maintenance of the competitive edge in the market. Product portfolio that is extensive and diversified. In over 200 countries, the company offers more than 500 brands in energy drinks, juices, water, diet and regular beverages, tea and coffee drinks. Out of their strong portfolio in brands, they have been able to own the largest beverage brands Of Sprite, Coca-Cola, Fanta and Diet Coke(Adeyemi Salami, 2010). Other brands in which it provides products to consumers include; Schweppes, Minute Maid, Dasani, Coca-Cola Zero, Ayataka among many others. The Competitive Profile Matrix (CPM) The Competitive Profile Matrix (CPM) is used by companies in the identification of its strengths, weaknesses and main competitors with respect to the design and strategic position(Alsem Kostelijik, 2008). For the Coca-Cola Company we shall look into the CPM with all the key success factors as below. Data courtesy of MBA Lectures (2010). Coca cola Pepsi Cadbury Schweppes Key success factors Weight Rating Weighted score Rating Weighted score Rating Weighted score Financial positions 0.08 4 0.32 3 0.24 3 0.24 Market shares 0.12 4 0.48 3 0.36 2 0.24 Brand images 0.10 4 0.04 4 0.40 3 0.30 Advertising 0.12 4 0.48 4 0.48 3 0.36 Product quality 0.12 4 0.48 4 0.48 4 0.48 Customer loyalty 0.10 3 0.30 3 0.30 2 0.20 Distribution 0.10 4 0.40 3 0.30 3 0.30 Product range 0.08 3 0.24 4 0.32 3 0.24 Geographical competition 0.10 4 0.40 3 0.30 2 0.20 Price competition 0.08 3 0.24 3 0.24 3 0.24 Totals 1.00 3.74 3.42 2.80 The data shows that the competitors total weighted score and ratings were lower thereby showing that the Coca-Cola Company enjoys a greater competitive advantage. The data also indicates that the company is strong in all areas in the competitive global market. The External Factors Evaluation (EFE) The External Factors Evaluation (EFE) matrix is also an important strategic management contrivance used for the business evaluation of the contemporary environment. It enables the company to be able to visualize on how to make best use of available opportunities and find factors of working on the threats that face them(Bonel Rocco, 2007). Below is an EFE matrix for the company, data according to MBA Lectures (2010). The External Factors Evaluation (EFE) Weight Rating Weighted score Opportunities Potentiality of growth in Europe and China 0.08 4 0.32 Consumers are conscious about their health 0.10 3 0.30 Food chain partnering with other companies 0.07 2 0.14 Increased percentage of drinking bottled water 0.08 3 0.24 improved usage of other smaller beverages 0.07 3 0.21 Diversity into complementary foods 0.06 2 0.12 Improved economic conditions 0.08 3 0.24 Threats Carbonated drinks has recorded significant low growth rate 0.07 3 0.21 The substitutes availability 0.06 4 0.24 Competition intensity from competitors like PepsiCo. 0.12 4 0.48 Greater demand for non carbonated drinks like juices 0.08 3 0.24 Higher market inflation 0.04 2 0.08 High costs of raw materials for use. 0.04 2 0.08 Competition of smaller competitors in the market 0.05 3 0.15 Totals 1.00 3.05 From the EFE matrix of the Coca-Cola Company, the companys strategies are well placed in terms of opportunity usage in relation to the existing threats. This is due to the total weighted score being above average(Cateora, 2008). In all the types of matrices, the total weighted score on the higher side should be 4 and the lowest 1 regardless of the total number of strengths and weaknesses or opportunities and threats. Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) Matrix The internal Factor Evaluation matrix is also part of the approaches used in the management of organizations. Its used for the effective appraisal, identification and assessment of both the main strengths and weaknesses of a company in the formulation of strategies(Clow, 2007). The IFE matrix of the Coca-Cola Company is as follows; Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) Weight Rating Weighted score Strengths Wide variety of products 0.08 4 0.32 Most valued brand in the world 0.09 4 0.36 High values in the market share 0.07 4 0.28 Global leader in soft drink industry 0.06 4 0.24 Demarcation 0.05 4 0.20 Boasts of a wide geographical expansion 0.05 4 0.20 Has a profit and financial position that is strong 0.04 4 0.16 Has distribution and production facilities that are effective 0.06 4 0.24 The company has very effective advertising and promotion approaches. 0.06 4 0.24 Weakness Restriction of beverage production only 0.07 1 0.07 The company has a long term debt that is very huge. 0.04 2 0.08 Bad reputation in India 0.05 1 0.05 The company is less aggressive when it comes global market standings. 0.08 1 0.08 Many products discontinuation 0.05 2 0.10 Wholesale prices disputes 0.06 1 0.06 Inferior debts to assets ratio of 0.99 0.03 2 0.06 Big gap in Iraq resumed set up 0.03 2 0.06 Bad image of coke due to new coke formula. 0.03 2 0.06 From the matrix, it can be concluded that if the total weighted score is below average, then internally, the organization is not strong, but if it is above average then internally, the organization is strong. Therefore, the Coca-Cola Company is strong internally, from the results of the table. The Coca-Cola Companys current business level and strategies The Coca-Cola Company is working very hard to maintain the competitive advantage in the global market despite the bottlenecks faced(Douglas Craig, 2013). According to their report on The 2015 Year Review documented in 2016, the strategies they have put in place to maintain their reputation in the market include; Profit Growth and Revenue Driving From the different market types in which the company operates, strategies are rooted on the segmented revenue growth. This also amalgamates the incentives given to employees in all the different segments(Foster, 2007). Growth is also encouraged in the up-and-coming markets through maintenance of affordable beverage prices and increasing the volumes of the beverages to sustain the markets towards future success. Hence, to achieve this, the company concentrates in balancing price with volume of their offerings. Brands and Business Investment The company had decided that the key to success is continued investment in their already accepted brands and improve their marketing/ advertising in quality and quantity. According to the report, the average value of expenses generated towards the advertisement strategy was increased to $ 2590 million(Hays, 2010). A partnership formed with Monster Beverage Corporation also added in the investment strategies in the category of energy. This partnership enabled the investments in brands like cold-pressed juices, Suja, China Green Culiagwang and the Fairlife ultra filtered milk that was mainly distributed in the United States. Increasing financial flexibility in order to increase efficiency Increasing financial flexibility enables the marketing investments produce good returns, thereby enabling cost reduction and enhanced efficiency. In-store promotion costs have been also cut, which increases the levels of supply chain all around the globe(Heckman, Sherry, Mejia, Gonzalez, 2010). According to the 2016 report about the development strategies documents that financial flexibility enabled the realization of $600 million in 2015 alone. Simplification of the company The Coca-Cola Company took advantage of the evolving consumer preferences and the rushed innovations created by the beverage competitors to realign their strategies and simplify their moves. This enabled the reformation of approaches that has kept them on top of the bar to date. Focusing on the Core Business Model The company focuses in always improving the brands in which they offer all around the world. Maintaining of a good relationship with their bottling partners has also increased their competency levels(Heijden, Driessen, Cramer, 2010). These partners have contributed significantly in the; optimization of systems involved in the manufacture and distribution of products, and the improvement of their overall performance. Bottling system refranchising, as part of their business model, enables the increased volume of bottle production which increases the volume of beverage stocked(Hubert Kenning, 2008). The results are the company being identified as the highest beverage and bottle producer that has given competitors very many sleepless nights. The Coca-Cola Companys current corporate level and strategies The Coca-Cola Company believes in efficiency in all its business through partnering and investments. Some of the corporate level strategies in which it involves itself include; Strategies on Growth The company uses varied growth strategies by investing in huge capital for all the business in over 200 countries. Being a corporation, the strategies have also various business operations that satisfy the different situations for their customers satisfaction(Keller, Parameswaran, Jacob, 2011). Having its own distribution and manufacturing system, has enabled them in curtailing the high expenses used for both manufacture and distribution. This has resulted in corporate horizontal growth especially in newer markets. Another corporate strategy in growth is the diversification of beverages like juices, coffee, mineral water and tea, which were not the original drinks that it was founded to manufacture. The results have enhanced competition with other top beverage industries and improved portfolio in business(Kumar, Teichman, Timpernagel, 2012). The growth strategies have recorded significant achievement of the companys strategic goals such as efficient management and control of the supply chain systems; enhance cost leadership, differentiation and internal management control. Strategies in stability When marketing conditions are not favorable for the company, it takes the decision of suspending its growth strategies, and otherwise concentrates on marketing efforts, quality control and supply chain. Economizing strategies When some departments or sections record little or no growth, then they are cut back for a certain period of time until any significant changes would be required to consider them back into the system. Some of the measure used in the retrenchment purposes involve; complete shutdown, budget cut for marketing and production and/or complete selling of the unit to private shareholders. Recommended strategies for improvement in both business and corporate strategies It is important to know that any business that is good calls for a continuous investment. The Coca-Cola Company should make a strategic decision of investing in more and better marketing for its various brands, increasing both the quality and quantity of its advertising. The company management must increase its spending on media advertising of its products(Lambert Schwieterman, 2012). The Company should use its funds to share very strong and more advertisements that will have some huge impacts on many people around the world. According to the latest reports, soft drinks are said to have moved from just being a niche to now become one of the fastest rising categories of products when it comes to the global soft drinks market today. The growing evident consumer focus on fitness and health has brought the changes in the global soft drinks markets(Malhotra, 2008). It is very clear that the consumption of most of the aerated drinks in the market is now headed for the biggest visible decline in most of the important markets around the world. The energy drinks have now got the greatest opportunity to make a significant mark regarding both revenue and volume sales. It is now clear that the energy drinks are now no longer just a preserve of the sportspeople and athletes as many people are now embracing them. Due to this unstoppable reality, it is expected that new consumers will now join into the ever growing folds of the global energy drinks market. The energy is projected to rise to a double digit by the year 2024 according to many analysts(Mangold Faulds, 2009). With these reports, the Company should now focus on producing energy drinks that emphasize health benefits, coming with the best strategies of branding and marketing its products. The branding and creative marketing strategies will be very crucial for the Coca-Cola company (Popkin Hawkes, 2016). According to latest reports, packaging will surely be one of the most defining trends in the soft drinks market. It will be as important as improving the formulation of a product. Packaging will be the most purchasing influencer to many consumers around the world(Montgomery Chester, 2009). The company should always reassess the product formulas to help in the overcoming of any negative publicity from the customers and other competitors in the market. The Coca-Cola Company has the potential of retaining its reputation in the market as the best beverage industry and maintenance of customer loyalty. According to (Mooij, 2013)l and(Douglas Craig, 2013), the company should improve and maintain their flexible market strategies and work on their innovation strategies to maintain their capacity in the global market. The authors also advice that the company can remove the bad image created by health concerns of junk food related to obesity and high sugared beverages by working on production of non sugared or less sugared drinks. Another recommendation for the company by the authors, (Mooij, 2013) and (Douglas Craig, 2013) , is that the company should diversify its business operations in other products in case the threat of water reduction due to climatic changes comes to happen. The already known brand of Coca-Cola and the overwhelming customer loyalty can be used to back the advertising of the new products they will create. Another recommendation from the authors is that the Coca-Cola Company can also maintain its leadership and market share by taking seriously the investments put on the growth strategies in all its markets. The building blocks of superior efficiency, customer responsiveness, quality brands and innovation capabilities can enable growth and sustenance in the global market. The company can advance its growth, according to Hill and Jones (2010), by maintaining their strategic commitment while diversifying in other fields, having knowledge of the capacity of their competitors; jealously guide their business by making imitation of their resources or strategies difficult(Rani, Maheshwari, Garg, Prasad, 2012). Strategies can also be put to improve the industrys dynamism in order to respond to any slight approaches by their competitors to remove them from the competitive edge. The company can invest a lot in areas that bring best returns, track the best practices and benchmark in areas they feel defeated in(Stark, 2015). The company should maximize on avoiding failure related cases, overcome inertia and proper understanding of the environment. Finally, the company can improve by increasing overall capital turnover and also increase the companys return on sales. References Aaker, D. A. (2008).Strategic market management. John Wiley Sons. Aaker, D. A., Kumar, V., Day, G. S. (2008).Marketing research. John Wiley Sons. Adeyemi, S. L., Salami, A. O. (2010). Inventory management: A tool of optimizing resources in a manufacturing industry a case study of coca-cola bottling company, Ilorin Plant.Journal of social science,23(2), 135-142. Jan Alsem, K., Kostelijk, E. (2008). Identity based marketing: a new balanced marketing paradigm.European Journal of Marketing,42(9/10), 907-914. Bonel, E., Rocco, E. (2007). Coopeting to survive; surviving coopetition.International Studies of Management Organization,37(2), 70-96. Cateora, P. R. (2008).International Marketing 13E (Sie). Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Clow, K. E. (2007).Integrated Advertising, Promotion and Marketing Communications, 4/e. Pearson Education India. Douglas, S. P., Craig, C. S. (2013). Dynamics of international brand architecture: Overview and directions for future research.DYNAMICS,21. Foster, R. J. (2007). The work of the new economy: Consumers, brands, and value creation.Cultural Anthropology,22(4), 707-731. Foster, R. J. (2012).Coca?Globalization. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Hays, C. (2010).Pop: truth and power at the Coca-Cola Company. Random House. Heckman, M. A., Sherry, K., Mejia, D., Gonzalez, E. (2010). Energy drinks: an assessment of their market size, consumer demographics, ingredient profile, functionality, and regulations in the United States.Comprehensive Reviews in food science and food safety,9(3), 303-317. Van der Heijden, A., Driessen, P. P., Cramer, J. M. (2010). Making sense of Corporate Social Responsibility: Exploring organizational processes and strategies.Journal of cleaner production,18(18), 1787-1796. Hubert, M., Kenning, P. (2008). A current overview of consumer neuroscience.Journal of Consumer Behaviour,7(4-5), 272-292. Keller, K. L., Parameswaran, M. G., Jacob, I. (2011).Strategic brand management: Building, measuring, and managing brand equity. Pearson Education India. Kumar, S., Teichman, S., Timpernagel, T. (2012). A green supply chain is a requirement for profitability.International Journal of Production Research,50(5), 1278-1296. Lambert, D. M., Schwieterman, M. A. (2012). Supplier relationship management as a macro business process.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,17(3), 337-352. Malhotra, N. K. (2008).Marketing research: An applied orientation, 5/e. Pearson Education India. Mangold, W. G., Faulds, D. J. (2009). Social media: The new hybrid element of the promotion mix.Business horizons,52(4), 357-365. Montgomery, K. C., Chester, J. (2009). Interactive food and beverage marketing: targeting adolescents in the digital age.Journal of Adolescent Health,45(3), S18-S29. De Mooij, M. (2013).Global marketing and advertising: Understanding cultural paradoxes. Sage Publications. Peck, H. (2006). Resilience in the food chain: A study of business continuity management in the food and drink industry.Final Report to the Dep. for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Dep. of Defence Management Security Analysis, Cranfield University, Shrivenham, 1-193. Popkin, B. M., Hawkes, C. (2016). Sweetening of the global diet, particularly beverages: patterns, trends, and policy responses.The Lancet Diabetes Endocrinology,4(2), 174-186. Rani, B., Maheshwari, R., Garg, A., Prasad, M. (2012). Bottled waterA global market overview.Bull. Environ. Pharmacol. Life Sci,1(6), 01-04. Stark, J. (2015). Product lifecycle management. InProduct Lifecycle Management(pp. 1-29). Springer International Publishing.

The Academic Writting Process free essay sample

A well written essay involves more than just a pen and paper to get you started, you need a writing process. Though what you are writing about or to may change the structure there is a process you can follow to write a good essay. The most important step would be to identify your audience, know who will be reading your paper and start planning it to cater to them. After you identify your audience, the next step seems fairly simple but can be the hardest; writing the essay. After you write the essay it will most likely be a little crude, so it is important to read over your paper again and fine tuning your message out of it. In fact all of the steps I have listed in this opening paragraph for you are the same exact steps I have taken to write this paper you hold now. As I have previously stated, knowing the audience isn’t always as simple as knowing the group of people you are writing for. We will write a custom essay sample on The Academic Writting Process or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Everyone is their own person; even in groups of doctors some are old and have 30 years experience while some are fresh out of medical school. So just because you write a letter to doctors you cannot assume that all of their knowledge is 100% the same. Linda Flower gives 3 good criteria to take into account when scoping out your audience, knowledge, needs, and attitude. Don’t assume your audience knows everything you are going to talk about; you need to be able meet their needs and take any big ideas or lingo you use and bring it to their level. You also need to remember their attitude; certain words make people think a certain way. The word tropical for instance probably brings thoughts of palm trees, fruit drinks, and a beach to mind. Some people will view this as vacation while others will have distaste for sand and sunburn that may follow. Using these words may help you but you could also end up turning off readers so you should use them sparingly. Now that you know what you are writing about and who you are writing for the next step is a toughie, actually writing the paper. When I sat down to write this paper I was nervous, I wrote the first sentence 6 times before turning off my computer. I took a breath, calmed down and came back and started writing. Anne Lamott gives some great advice for both professional writers ike herself and begging writers like me: just write! Sit down and write whatever is on your mind, even if it seems silly or unneeded at the time. This is your first draft, your chance to give it everything; you and only you will read this version so have fun with it. Russell Baker gives similar advice in writing about something that gives you emotion. When you care about a subject the emotion flows through your paper and the audience will pick up on that. Once you have your completed â€Å"Shitty First Draft† in hand it’s time to sit down with pen and your paper and start reading through it trying to find your meaning and bringing that out. Donald Murray suggests starting with paragraphs, then lines and then words and weeding out ideas that don’t work. You may need to rewrite sentences that don’t fit the way you thought they did. Now is your chance to take the time to fix them up. Once you feel your words say what you want to get across is the time to stop fixing. Most authors could revise a single paper for the rest of their lives if they didn’t have cut off dates. It is important to feel good about your work, but also remember that nothing will ever be perfect for you so you don’t need to obsess. So though it may seem like a daunting task at first writing a good well thought out academic paper is a simple process to follow. Remember to keep the paper tailored to your audience so that they understand your work and keep it as open and informative as possible. Then just write your essay, your mind is the biggest problem to overcome and once you do the words will just flow. Finally go over your work until you are satisfied with the results and feel it is ready for your audience and gets your message across properly. Following the academic writing process will lead to a well written paper every time.

Barium essays

Barium essays Barium (BAR-i-em) is the fifty-sixth element on the periodic table. The solids melting point is 1340.6 degrees fahrenheit while its boiling point is 3446.6 degrees fahrenheit. Its density is 3.62 grams per cubic centimeter. The name barium came from the word barys, which means heavy in Greek. The element barium was first isolated by Sir Humphry Davy, a British chemist, in 1808. Davy founded it through the electrolysis of molten baryta. It is never found free in nature since it reacts with oxygen in the air (which forms (BaO)), water which forms (Ba(OH)2)), and hydrogen gas (which forms (H2)). Barium is most commonly found as the mineral barite (BaSO4) and witherite (BaCO3) and is primarily produced through the electrolysis of barium chloride (BaCl2). The element can combine and mix with many other elements including sulfate, zinc oxide, carbon, nitrate, chloride, peroxide, and titanate. Barium has many different uses, especially when combined with other things. For example, when you combine it with sulfate to make barium sulfate, you can use it as a filler for rubber, plastics and resins, or if you combine it with carbon, making it barium carbonate, you can use it to manufacture creamics and some types of glass. Stones made from impure barium sulfate glow when exposed to light and will glow in the dark for up to six years if intensely heated in the presence of charcoal. These stones, were discovered near Bologna, Italy in the early 1500s and were thought to possess magical properties. All barium compounds are poisonous, but barium sulfate can be safetly ingested since it doesnt dissolve in water. It is also a good absorber of X-rays and, when swallowed, can be used to produce X-ray images of the intestinal tract. Finally, you can use barium in making rubber and creating rat poison. ...

Reed Surname Meaning and Origin

Reed Surname Meaning and Origin The Reed surname has a number of possible derivations: A descriptive name or nickname signifying a person with red hair or a ruddy complexion, deriving from the Old English read meaning red.A topographical surname for someone who lived in a clearing in woodland, deriving from the Olde English ried, ryd.A geographical name from any of the various places called Read or Reed. Reed is the 65th most popular surname in the United States. The REID spelling of the surname is extremely common in Scotland, where it is ranked #11. Surname Origin: EnglishAlternate Surname Spellings: REID, RIED, READ, READE, REEDEGenealogy Resources for the Surname REED: 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census? Reed Name Meaning Family History An overview of the Reed surname meaning, plus subscription-based access to genealogical records on Reed families around the world from Ancestry.com. REED Family Genealogy Forum: Search this popular genealogy forum for the Reed surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Reed query.FamilySearch - REED Genealogy: Find records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Reed surname and its variations.REED Surname Family Mailing Lists: RootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Reed surname.Cousin Connect - REED Genealogy Queries: Read or post genealogy queries for the surname Reed, and sign up for free notification when new Reed queries are added.DistantCousin.com - REED Genealogy Family History: Free databases and genealogy links for the last name REED. References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005.Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004.Hanks, Patrick, and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

World History.The Effects of Slavery on Slave Owners Essay

World History.The Effects of Slavery on Slave Owners - Essay Example This paper seeks to attempt to try and validate the claims that although the entire commerce that was seen to exist between slave and master can essentially be considered to be a perpetual exercise exhibiting the most boisterous passions, with one part being marked by a degrading submission and the other being fundamentally characterized by unremitting despotism. In order for one to better understand the effects that slavery is seen to have had on the slave owners, it is important that one first grasps an understanding of what exactly is meant by the use of the term slavery. Slavery can be defined as being the condition or status of a given person where by the powers that are commonly seen to be attaching to the rights of ownership are seen to exercised. The person over whom slavery is being exercised is seen to be denied of all the basic human fundamental rights by the owner who regards the person as being mere property. Slavery was seen to have some rather wide ranging effects on t he individuals who practiced it ranging from the people that actually capture the slaves and resell them, the merchants engaging in slave trade as well as the individuals that purchase these slaves and become slave owners. While engaging in slavery is seen to have caused a large number of the slave owners to become

Major Theorists Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Major Theorists - Essay Example This pool of guilt and pain is where creativity, which is closely related to neurosis, comes from. Creativity is thus motivated by the need to express some of this guilt and pain in a more physical or outward arena as well as the means by which it is expressed. B.F. Skinner is one of the most well-known behaviorists, who believed that people were a product of the environment in which they were raised. Skinner suggested this occurred through operant conditioning as people were rewarded for approved behavior and punished for undesirable behavior. Rewards are thus seen as a means of strengthening behavior, even undesired behavior, while the failure to reward weakens these behaviors. In some situations, punishment can be interpreted as reward, such as when the ignored child receives attention through punishment for bad behavior. Creativity is thus seen as a mere product of the environment working on the individual who possesses latent creative talent. If the environment does not reward creativity, the child will be less likely to engage in it. It is important for the child to have an adult model that demonstrates creative behavior before the child can envision this as a likely activity for them. This is because they see the rewards for the cre ative adult as well as receive rewards from this adult as they engage in their own creative efforts. Humanism rejected the ideas of psychoanalytic theory of personality and creativity as a biological process and the ideas of behaviorism theory of personality and creativity as an environmental process and instead preferred to view creativity as a process in itself that provided individuals with the ability to discover their inner selves. In other words, creativity was an act of self-actualization. The main theorists of humanism are Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. Maslow defined self-actualization as the tendency to realize our own potential based on our

United States Reform Movements Essay Example for Free

United States Reform Movements Essay In the years following the Second Great Awakening of the United States, numerous reform factions began to spring up around the country, fueled by recent evangelical ideals. Seeking to improve and expand democratic ideals, many of these factions undertook drastic measures to achieve what they believed to be a proper aspiration. Nevertheless, it would be farfetched to claim that such reform movements within the US resulted in any positive outcomes, and it would be much more logical to claim that many of the so-called reformers were in fact trying to further their own ambitions. By keeping penitentiary, church, and alcohol reforms as a pretense for egotistical purposes, they were able to attract an elite following of people that that acted with virtues that were anything but democratic. On of the first reform movements to become advocated was the penitentiary system. It had become a brutal institution, becoming known for excessively cruel punishments for criminal offenses. Extreme cases included imprisonment for insignificant amounts of debt, and asylums were common practices for what was believed to be insanity, following medieval practices. The Society for the Reformation of Juvenile Delinquents, in 1829, reported that they were proud to have rescued the youthful from temptation and turning them into valuable members of society. Yet by allowing the Society, and other institutions like it, to determine which of the youths were undisciplined and under the influence of temptation, the United States government was effectively allowing these organizations to diminish democracy. When these institutions were allowed to decide who was or was not orderly, power shifted away from the people and into their hands. A similar transfer of control occurred during the Second Great Awakening, when a fresh wave of spiritual fervor empowered numerous factions of the church. By gaining control over a culture dedicated to a religion, the church managed to dictate an entire society towards its own values. Charles G. Finney, in 1843 remarked that all sorts of abandoned characters are awakened and converted by the church, failing to mention whether or not any of the profligates actually wished to be converted. By forcing infidels to follow their ethics, supporters of the church had secured themselves within a throne of power, with the ability to enforce what they believed was  moral, desecrating the principles of free speech and democracy. Samuel Morse commented that emigrants were selected not for their affinity to liberty, but for their mental servitude when coming into the country. The church had begun to demolish Naturalization Laws, one of the first benefits of the democracy of the United States, un der the flag of the nativists (those who wished to favor the natural inhabitants of the United States). By controlling who may or may not immigrate to the US, nativists had begun to gain a dangerous amount of power, not through democracy, but abnormally favoring selection. The same approach towards atypical persons was present within the movement against alcohol as there was within the nativists, for both wished to rid the United States of what they believed to be crimes against their people. The Temperance Movement was as a milder offspring of the teetotalism movement, which promoted a complete abstinence from alcoholic beverages. Common belief with teetotal persons included an abhorrent view of alcohol, promoting notions that even a single drink of alcohol can and will lead to brawls, poverty, crime, and ultimately death or suicide. Even the less extreme Temperance movement had attempted to stop the peoples consumption of the wretched Demon Drink. Soon, laws were being created to enforce such views, with the Maine Law of 1851 standing out amongst them, prohibiting the manufacture and sale of liquor. Even though such a law was fueled by optimistic virtues, it was anything but democratic, enforcing one groups ideals onto an entire population without th eir consent. Attempting to force reform onto a people without their consent and condemning past principles for the sole reason of rash modification can not result in hopes for a new social order, as some movements may wish. During an address to Wesleyan College, Orestes Brownson proposed that Quack Reformers were disowning the past and promoting an entirely new social order. Of course, no good could possibly come from this, since it had taken numerous years to set up the securities that were in place, defending the democratic practices of the people of the United States. Reform should be focused around preserving values that are known to be sound and stable, not the upheaval of a society to the mere cause of altering a single trivial value. Drastic  Reform can only lead to ultimate destruction of democracy and leads to a rule by a chosen elite if not carefully monitored.

Technology :: essays research papers

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How Thesis Statements Work In Your Writing

Writing in college often takes the form of persuasion—convincing others that you have an interesting, logical point of view on the subject you are studying. Persuasion is a skill you practice regularly in your daily life. You persuade your roommate to clean up, your parents to let you borrow the car, your friend to vote for your favorite candidate or policy. In college, course assignments often ask you to make a persuasive case in writing. You are asked to convince your reader of your point of view. This form of persuasion, often called academic argument, follows a predictable pattern in writing.After a brief introduction of your topic, you state your point of view on the topic directly and often in one sentence. This sentence is the thesis statement, and it serves as a summary of the argument you’ll make in the rest of your paper. WHAT IS A THESIS STATEMENT? A thesis statement: tells the reader how you will interpret the significance of the subject matter under discuss ion. is a road map for the paper; in other words, it tells the reader what to expect from the rest of the paper. directly answers the question asked of you. A thesis is an interpretation of a question or subject, not the subject itself.The subject, or topic, of an essay might be World War II or Moby Dick; a thesis must then offer a way to understand the war or the novel. makes a claim that others might dispute. is usually a single sentence somewhere in your first paragraph that presents your argument to the reader. The rest of the paper, the body of the essay, gathers and organizes evidence that will persuade the reader of the logic of your interpretation. If your assignment asks you to take a position or develop a claim about a subject, you may need to convey that position or claim in a thesis statement near the beginning of your draft.The assignment may not explicitly state that you need a thesis statement because your instructor may assume you will include one. When in doubt, ask your instructor if the assignment requires a thesis statement. When an assignment asks you to analyze, to interpret, to compare and contrast, to demonstrate cause and effect, or to take a stand on an issue, it is likely that you are being asked to develop a thesis and to support it persuasively. (Check out our handout on understanding assignments for more information. ) HOW DO I GET A THESIS?A thesis is the result of a lengthy thinking process. Formulating a thesis is not the first thing you do after reading an essay assignment. Before you develop an argument on any topic, you have to collect and organize evidence, look for possible relationships between known facts (such as surprising contrasts or similarities), and think about the significance of these relationships. Once you do this thinking, you will probably have a â€Å"working thesis,† a basic or main idea, an argument that you think you can support with evidence but that may need adjustment along the way.Writers use all kinds of techniques to stimulate their thinking and to help them clarify relationships or comprehend the broader significance of a topic and arrive at a thesis statement. For more ideas on how to get started, see our handout on brainstorming. HOW DO I KNOW IF MY THESIS IS STRONG? If there’s time, run it by your instructor or make an appointment at the Writing Center to get some feedback. Even if you do not have time to get advice elsewhere, you can do some thesis evaluation of your own. When reviewing your first draft and its working thesis, ask yourself the following: Do I answer the question?Re-reading the question prompt after constructing a working thesis can help you fix an argument that misses the focus of the question. Have I taken a position that others might challenge or oppose? If your thesis simply states facts that no one would, or even could, disagree with, it’s possible that you are simply providing a summary, rather than making an argument. Is my the sis statement specific enough? Thesis statements that are too vague often do not have a strong argument. If your thesis contains words like â€Å"good† or â€Å"successful,† see if you could be more specific: why is something â€Å"good†; what specifically makes something â€Å"successful†?Does my thesis pass the â€Å"So what? † test? If a reader’s first response is, â€Å"So what? † then you need to clarify, to forge a relationship, or to connect to a larger issue. Does my essay support my thesis specifically and without wandering? If your thesis and the body of your essay do not seem to go together, one of them has to change. It’s o. k. to change your working thesis to reflect things you have figured out in the course of writing your paper. Remember, always reassess and revise your writing as necessary. Does my thesis pass the â€Å"how and why? † test?If a reader’s first response is â€Å"how? † or â₠¬Å"why? † your thesis may be too open-ended and lack guidance for the reader. See what you can add to give the reader a better take on your position right from the beginning. EXAMPLES Suppose you are taking a course on 19th-century America, and the instructor hands out the following essay assignment: Compare and contrast the reasons why the North and South fought the Civil War. You turn on the computer and type out the following: The North and South fought the Civil War for many reasons, some of which were the same and some different.This weak thesis restates the question without providing any additional information. You will expand on this new information in the body of the essay, but it is important that the reader know where you are heading. A reader of this weak thesis might think, â€Å"What reasons? How are they the same? How are they different? † Ask yourself these same questions and begin to compare Northern and Southern attitudes (perhaps you first think, †Å"The South believed slavery was right, and the North thought slavery was wrong†).Now, push your comparison toward an interpretation—why did one side think slavery was right and the other side think it was wrong? You look again at the evidence, and you decide that you are going to argue that the North believed slavery was immoral while the South believed it upheld the Southern way of life. You write: While both sides fought the Civil War over the issue of slavery, the North fought for moral reasons while the South fought to preserve its own institutions. Now you have a working thesis!Included in this working thesis is a reason for the war and some idea of how the two sides disagreed over this reason. As you write the essay, you will probably begin to characterize these differences more precisely, and your working thesis may start to seem too vague. Maybe you decide that both sides fought for moral reasons, and that they just focused on different moral issues. You end up revising the working thesis into a final thesis that really captures the argument in your paper: While both Northerners and Southerners believed they fought against tyranny  and oppression, Northerners focused on the oppression of slaves while Southerners defended their own right to self-government.Compare this to the original weak thesis. This final thesis presents a way of interpreting evidence that illuminates the significance of the question. Keep in mind that this is one of many possible interpretations of the Civil War—it is not the one and only right answer to the question. There isn’t one right answer; there are only strong and weak thesis statements and strong and weak uses of evidence. Let’s look at another example.Suppose your literature professor hands out the following assignment in a class on the American novel: Write an analysis of some aspect of Mark Twain’s novel Huckleberry Finn. â€Å"This will be easy,† you think. â€Å"I lo ved Huckleberry Finn! † You grab a pad of paper and write: Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn is a great American novel. Why is this thesis weak? Think about what the reader would expect from the essay that follows: you will most likely provide a general, appreciative summary of Twain’s novel. The question did not ask you to summarize; it asked you to analyze.Your professor is probably not interested in your opinion of the novel; instead, she wants you to think about whyit’s such a great novel—what do Huck’s adventures tell us about life, about America, about coming of age, about race relations, etc.? First, the question asks you to pick an aspect of the novel that you think is important to its structure or meaning—for example, the role of storytelling, the contrasting scenes between the shore and the river, or the relationships between adults and children. Now you write: In Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain develops a contrast between life on t he river and life on the shore.Here’s a working thesis with potential: you have highlighted an important aspect of the novel for investigation; however, it’s still not clear what your analysis will reveal. Your reader is intrigued, but is still thinking, â€Å"So what? What’s the point of this contrast? What does it signify? † Perhaps you are not sure yet, either. That’s fine—begin to work on comparing scenes from the book and see what you discover. Free write, make lists, jot down Huck’s actions and reactions. Eventually you will be able to clarify for yourself, and then for the reader, why this contrast matters.After examining the evidence and considering your own insights, you write: Through its contrasting river and shore scenes, Twain’s Huckleberry Finn suggests that to find the true expression of American democratic ideals, one must leave â€Å"civilized† society and go back to nature. This final thesis statement p resents an interpretation of a literary work based on an analysis of its content. Of course, for the essay itself to be successful, you must now present evidence from the novel that will convince the reader of your interpretation.

The Vygotskian Socio Cultural Theory Education Essay

Lev Vygotsky was a psychologist that revolutionised the universe with his theory on socio-cultural development. His theory of socio-cultural development centred on the impression that a kid learns through grownups or equals. In other words a kid ‘s cognitive development is engaged through the kid ‘s environment, this means that a kid develops through interaction with other persons. Vygotsky ‘s theory differed from other theoreticians theories ; one of them was Piaget, a Swiss psychologist. His theory was that kids learn from the interior out, this means that a kid takes their ain cognition to the universe ( as discussed in category ) . Piaget ‘s theory focused on two constructs, one was the construct of assimilation, which is a cognitive procedure whereby new experiences and information are placed in the cognitive construction of the kid. The other construct is adjustment ; this is a cognitive procedure which refers to the ensuing Reconstruction that takes top ographic point when new information is taken in. Vygotsky on the other manus believe that a kid ‘s acquisition takes topographic point from the exterior in, which merely means that a kid ‘s environment determines what s/he learns. In Vygotsky ‘s socio-cultural acquisition theory one must familiarize oneself with the constructs before we can get down to hold on the thought of theory and utilize it right. The most of import characteristic to hold on is the zone of proximal development. The zone of proximal development is defined as the difference between what a scholar can make without aid and what he or she can make with aid ( Wikipedia ; the zone of proximal development ) . In footings of one ‘s apprehension, the ZPD is the distance between the existent development degree of a kid as determined by independent job resolution and the degree of possible development of a kid as determined through job work outing through equal or grownup interaction. The existent development of a kid is the maps that have already matured and the scholar understands. The possible degree of development is the maps still in ripening, the apprehension has non developed. The ZPD allows scholars to intercede through societal interaction. ( Maths method: 1 ; Goba, B ) Vygotsky believed in three of import facets that form his theory, this is the societal context, linguistic communication and mediation. These three facets are of import in the sense that ; the societal context is the context in which scholars are coming signifier. So they may come into the universe with some sort of cognition already instilled in them, this cognition may non needfully be right. Some scholar ‘s societal context may implement some sort of racism this may do the kid racialist. In other words kids gain their cognition through societal contexts, from birth the kid ‘s societal interaction depicts the sort of cognition s/he will convey to society. Because the environment is of all time altering, cognition is of all time altering. So cognition is ne'er inactive. The following facet is linguistic communication being the frontal line for the footing of this theory. If a scholar can non understand linguistic communication be it mathematical, mark or the linguistic communication medium, the scholars knowledge can non turn and spread out because of a barrier with does non allow the development of the scholars cognitive construction. Language is a manner to pass on, and if linguistic communication is non understood than the communicating nexus is broken. And the last facet is the function of mediation. In order for effectual communicating to take topographic point at that place must be some signifier of mediation to help the communicating. This is where the ZPD comes into drama. The scholar may non understand a peculiar construct by manner of mediation, something or person that aids the apprehension so the kid goes from what they do n't understand to what they can hold on. Harmonizing to Vygotsky, â€Å" Every map in the kid ‘s cultural development appears twice: first, on the societal degree, and subsequently, on the single degree ; foremost, between people ( interpsychological ) and so inside the kid ( intrapsychological ) . This applies every bit to voluntary attending, to logical memory, and to the formation of constructs. All the higher maps originate as existent relationships between persons. â€Å" The socio cultural theory is so defined as a theory of larning that looks at the part society as made in an person ‘s development ( psycology.about.com ) . It does non merely concentrate on the scholar as an person but as the scholar and cultural context on a whole. Vygotsky explained this theory in footings of linguistic communication. He argued that societal interaction signifiers this new larning through the ZPD where scholars gain new linguistic communication through societal interaction. It outlines of a linguistic communication as uniting both the traditional behavioral and lingual place of linguistic communication. This theory of linguistic communication can propose that the function of the environment can bring forth differences in understanding. The socio-cultural theory was adopted by Jerome Bruner and made westernized, now it ‘s used all over the universe.Case survey:My name is Triona Pillay and I ‘m 19 old ages old. I live in an Indian township. This twelvemonth I did my instruction pattern 220 at an Indian school which many non American indians besides attend. After learning pattern 120 and all the different fac ets we covered with the fluctuations of school types we could travel to, I thought I ‘d be good equipped to manage any schoolroom state of affairs with the manner in which learning pattern 120 had instructed us to. However the schoolroom situations we encountered was different to the 1s we were told to conceive of. Traveling into Teach at a school where the medium of linguistic communication is English was what I perceive to be easy because that my place linguistic communication and that ‘s the linguistic communication that scholars should be familiar with. But that was merely the beginning of my job during my instruction pattern. Bing a mathematics pedagogue was more hard as scholars could n't hold on specific constructs. My first error was that scholars had prior knowledge to the subjects being taught, in the instance of my class: 10 category, the subject was analytical geometry. They did n't understand that when a negative is squared the figure because positive. The scholars taught prep was a gag and category clip was for socializing. And so I had the instructor ‘s position who said that the scholars know the work and they complain for nil that they do n't understand. Society has deemed that it ‘s by and large that black scholars that do n't understand English and wo n't be able to understand what is being asked, but in this school the Indian scholars got confused with the English. Simple operations like 3x=9, hence ten =3 the scholars did n't understand how the reply 3 is obtained. Another thing that I found dismaying was that the schoolrooms were obviously n simple with no existent postings to do the schoolroom a topographic point where scholars want to come. All in all my instruction pattern was a existent experience on how scholars and grownups and their environment act upon their behavior and public presentation. Something that I found rather absorbing was during a staff meeting and they were discoursing why a peculiar scholar behaves so horrid at school and one of the suggestions was because of the manner his male parent treats him. Apparently the male parent really hit the kid in forepart of the instructor and walked off and a twosome of other times the male parent sent the kid with burst lips. This is non the lone ground I believed for the jobs I ‘ve encountered. I believed at that school it ‘s a popularity competition were everyone wants to suit in so the brilliant people stick to the smart people and the blue 1s maintain to their kin. And one time you come to rate: 8 u get initiated into one of those tonss. This is my personal positions on the state of affairss that occurred during my instruction pattern and some of the grounds why I believe the state of affairss occurred.Problem work outing utilizing Vygotskian socio-cultural theory:The major job I identified during learning pattern was the deficiency of both mathematical linguistic communication and cognition and the ability of the scholar to show their thoughts or sentiments in category due to the linguistic communication barrier of practical English words. First I ‘d wish to indicate out that job can non be solved over dark. It requires gradual input from both the instructors and the scholars. My first program of action in my category is to promote reading in my category. Possibly I can propose that the school put in topographic point 30 proceedingss of rea dings in the forenoon. The section of instruction does direct schools educational newspapers that they can give to scholars to read. The more the scholars read the more the scholars build up their vocabulary. My co-workers and I can present 10 new, interesting and exciting words that the scholars can utilize during the hebdomad, at school to replace the mundane words that they use all the clip. Using Vygotsky ‘s rules will take some patients from both the scholars and the instructors particularly for instructors who have been learning for 20 plus old ages, many people are non subjected to alter. The following measure as a maths instructor is to construct on anterior mathematical cognition and actuate the scholars, so that if they understand the rudimentss the remainder will follow. I could besides promote the scholars with higher Markss to assist those who are missing behind. We can besides hold excess categories during the interruption to heighten their mathematics accomplishments. This is a great thought as scholars can remain out of problem and acquire work done. The scholars need proper staging and we as instructors need to supply the necessary counsel. Vygotsky introduced that a kid learns through his or her environment so if the kid is taught in an environment conducive to larning the kid may bask coming to that schoolroom and larn something. I could propose to scholars that they join equals who traveling to better their instead than act upon them negatively. The following thought is a slippery one because from the clip I was in school I noticed instructors who tried to make out to scholars whose environment at place is unstable, changeable down by parents who think they know it all and believe that the instructor is interfering and should mind their ain concern. To hold a parent meeting is sometimes ineffectual because the good scholars parents merely end up coming and the parents you need to see do n't. Harmonizing to Vygotsky in a schoolroom state of affairs we the instructors are the go-between, we should hence be care how we give off information because scholars are immature and can sometimes misinterpret what we say. So when instruction, as a hereafter instructor I need to do certain I ‘m clear and precise. Concepts need to be to the point and one should non crush around the shrub. I could besides present the construct of motive in my category. If I aid the scholars in their acquisition and even in their efforts in larning I will be able to take them from the known to the unknown. Using motive scholars will desire to â€Å" seek † and work harder and by this get a better usage of both the medium of linguistic communication and the mathematical linguistic communication as a whole. The schoolroom environment is another are that I can promote scholars development. If I make the schoolroom environment a merriment manner to larn and scholars wo n't acquire laughed at and hit down for seeking. Children learn from their errors so if I encourage them and they give the incorrect reply and we correct it, they wo n't bury. In decision my belief is that Lev Vygotsky was a psychologist whose theory greatly influenced the universe. His socio-cultural theory if understood decently can help both instructors and scholars efficaciously to accomplish top consequences. I besides believe that parents should seek their best to give their kids the best societal contexts and maintain them off from negative influences. As a hereafter instructor I ‘ve learnt a batch from Vygotsky ‘s theory and will utilize this theory productively when I start learning.

Charles Dickens Portray Deprivation Essay Example

Charles Dickens Portray Deprivation Essay Example Charles Dickens Portray Deprivation Essay Charles Dickens Portray Deprivation Essay Oliver once again is not helped by the introduction of another workhouse employee Mr. Bumble. His first impression shows him as a violent, cruel and sadistic man when he kicks down the gate leading to the workhouse. He is shown as a extremely selfish man who is full of own importance and cares for only himself and his money. Mr. Bumbles evil personality is revealed when he makes a cruel joke the number of infant deaths in the workhouse. He is a large, well fed plump person who in comparison to the small and fragile Oliver is enormous. Mr.Bumble is a bully, this is demonstrated by the way he grasps his cane and uses firm words with Mrs. Mann. When speaking eloquently he makes obvious mistakes, when speaking with Mrs. Mann he pronounces aware as aweer. Oliver is eventually offered accompanied by five pounds to the first half decent person to walk into the workhouse. Mr. Gamfield the local chimney sweep went for Oliver and the five pounds. The board refused to give Oliver to him as Mr. Gamfield had a negative track record, he had taken orphans before and they had died under his care. Dickens made it obvious that Mr. Gamfield wanted Oliver for all of the wrong reasons. He only wanted Oliver as a personal slave and to labour for him as he small enough to get up the chimneys, the five pounds also helped to convince him to enter the workhouse Mr. Gamfield like many other adults in his life was cruel and violent We can see this with his donkey he catches hold of the bridal and gives the jay a sharp wrench. The gentleman in the white waistcoat also had no sympathy or care for the orphans. This is demonstrated when jokes, his board neednt come very expensive, for he hasnt been overfed since he was born. Ha! Ha! Ha! He also doesnt want to part with his money, when Mr. Gamfield wants to take on Oliver as an apprentice he tries to give as little money as possible for taking the child. After Mr. Gamfield was denied Oliver as his apprentice Mr. Sowerberry, the parish undertaker, takes Oliver on as his apprentice to dig graves. Oliver has absolutely no say in the matter he is actually told that if he complains about the situation he will suffer dire consequences. Mrs. Sowerberry is concerned that Oliver is only small and his appetite is large, she complains that to make the boy grow strong by eating their food. Mrs. Sowerberry abuses Oliver by feeding him the leftovers, not her leftovers but the leftovers that even the dog wouldnt eat. After eating his food Oliver is shown to where he will be sleeping, Mrs. Sowerberry shows him to bed which is under the counter in the undertakers shop. He is told that he has no option but to sleep with the coffins.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare and How It Caused Germany to Lose WWI

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare and How It Caused Germany to Lose WWI Unrestricted submarine warfare is the practice of using submarines to attack and sink all forms of enemy shipping, whether they are military or civilian. It is most closely associated with the First World War when Germany’s decision to use USW brought the US into the war and led to their defeat. The Blockades of World War 1 In the build-up to the First World War, Germany and Britain were involved in a naval race to see how many bigger and better battleships could be created. When this war began, many expected the resulting navies to sail out and fight a great naval battle. In fact, this only ever almost happened at Jutland, and that was inconclusive. The British knew that their navy was the only part of their military who could lose the war in an afternoon and decided not to use it in a massive battle but to blockade all the shipping routes to Germany and try and starve their enemy into submission. To do so they seized the shipping of neutral countries and caused a lot of upset, but Britain was able to soothe ruffled feathers and come to agreements with these neutral countries. Of course, Britain had the advantage, as it was between Germany and the Atlantic shipping routes, so US purchases were effectively cut off.Germany also decided to blockade Britain, but not only did they cause upset they caused th eir own destruction. Basically, the German above sea fleet was restricted to cat and mouse operations, but their submarines were told to go out and blockade the British by stopping any Atlantic trade reaching them. Unfortunately, there was one problem: the Germans had bigger and better submarines than the British, who were backward in understanding their potential, but a submarine can’t easily board and sail off a vessel like the British ships were doing. The Germans thus began sinking the ships coming to Britain: enemy, neutral, civilian alike. Unrestricted submarine warfare, because there were no restrictions on who to sink. Sailors were dying, and theoretically neutral nations like the US were livid.In the face of opposition from the neutrals (like the US who threatened to join the war), and demands from German politicians for the submarines to be brought under control, the Germans changed tactics. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare In early 1917, Germany still hadn’t won the war and there was a stalemate on the battlefields of Western Europe. But Germany knew they were out producing the allies when it came to submarines and were still having success with their more careful policy. High command wondered: if we began unrestricted Submarine warfare again, could our blockade force Britain to surrender before the US was able to declare war and get their troops over the seas? It was an incredibly risky plan, but German hawks believed they could starve Britain out in six months, and the US wouldn’t make it in time. Ludendorff, practical ruler of Germany, made the decision, and in February 1917 unrestricted submarine warfare began.At first, it was devastating, and as supplies in Britain dwindled the head of the British Navy told his government they could not survive. But then two things happened. The British began using the convoy system, a tactic used in Napoleonic times but adopted now to group travelin g ships into tough groups, and the US entered the war. The convoys caused losses to reduce, German submarine losses increased, and the specter of US troops finally broke the German will to continue after their last throw of the dice in early 1918 (a move which occurred as the Germans tried a last land tactic before the US arrived in force). Germany had to surrender; Versailles followed.   What should we make of unrestricted submarine warfare? This hinges on what you believe would have happened on the Western Front had the US not committed soldiers to it. On the one hand, by the successful allied attacks of 1918 US troops hadnt arrived in their mega millions. But on the other, it took the news that the US was coming to keep the Western allies functioning in 1917. If you had to pin it on one thing only, unrestricted submarine warfare lost Germany the war in the west, and so the whole war.

International Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 7

International Marketing - Essay Example While marketing goods and services to the various countries, there are instances whereby adaptation may be necessary, like when we want the new market to become acclimatized with our new products. At other times, we may opt to employ a standardization strategy, especially if the product being marketed has a national appeal, or in a known global brand. This is a term that is used in reference to the practice of importing unauthorized products that ideally should be sold at a lower price, with the intentions of selling these at a higher market price. The implication of a grey market is that to some extent, the company is question is offering competition to own products in the market (Cateora & Graham 2002). A grey market shall have an effect both the manufacturers and the distributors in different ways. For the manufacturer, there is the risk of having their brand value lost in the market. This is in addition to the ensuing competition that the products in the grey market give to a manufacturer’s own products. Moreover, the manufacture is forced to redesign his/her pricing strategy on a global scale, with the intention of containing this new competition that appears to ape the existing price strategy. This is in addition to the manufacturer having to spend so that he/she may be able to solve this problem of parallel import (Terpstra & Sarathy 2002). To the distributors, the effect of a grey market is that a competition n incentive comes into effect. This is because now, we have competition that is offering to the market a similar product to that being offered by the distributors, but alt a lower price. Another effect of the grey markets to the distributors is a potential loss of customers and consequently, their market shares for a given region. In addition the revenues generated by a distributor plummet, along with the associated profits (Cateora & Graham 2002). What this means is that the distributors shall

Reflections Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Reflections - Essay Example When moving from one place to another within the city, I tend to use a vehicle and rarely do I use public means. I travel by air on many occasions and I believe that this has contributed significantly to my carbon footprint. In addition, my food footprint is quite high and this may be due to my omnivorous nature. It was extremely rare for me to consume organic food and this may have contributed to the footprint. If everyone in the world were to have the same lifestyle as I do, then about 4.43 earths would be needed to sustain the population. This means that the earth’s resources would be depleted faster than they are supposed to be, perhaps even within a generation. If we were to continue using resources at that rate, then the resources would become scarce and consequently, there would be absolute chaos as people fought over the resources that are left. It would also mean the destruction of the entire earth’s ecosystem as plants and animals would become extinct. The foremost changes that I made for the week was to shift from the use of heavy carbon emitting transport to cleaner transport, hence a reduction of emissions to the atmosphere. Among the steps I took to accomplish this was to start walking, especially when moving over short distances, the use of public transport, and finally, the use of transport that does not emit carbon, such as bicycles. In addition, I added energy saving features within my home and adopted habits whose purpose would be to save energy. I took to the consumption of organic foods because this would help an immense deal in the discouragement of nonorganic foods. The first adjustment I made to the categories of carbon and food footprints was to reduce significantly my air travel unless it was necessary that I had to travel. Furthermore, I believed that it would be for the best if I stopped using a personal vehicle and instead adapt to using public means because this would ensure that there was a

Econometrics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Econometrics - Assignment Example The least squares estimator bMC is not consistent in this case since there exists autocorrelation between the independent variable and the error term ui i.e. i.e. the disturbances are pairwise correlated. This is referred to as autocorrelated disturbances. b) You have data on the variables Y , X, W and Z. The variable Z satisfies the "exogeneity" condition and the "relevance" condition . You decide to estimate model (3) using the instrumental variables method. Is the instrumental variables estimator bIV consistent in this case? Explain your answer. The instrumental variable estimator bIV is consistent in this case since the instrumental variable is uncorrelated with the error term though there exists a correlation between it with the exogenous variable. c) You have data on the variables Y, X and Z, but you dont have data on W. The variable Z satisfies the "exogeneity" condition and the "relevance" condition . You decide to omit the variable W from the regression and to estimate the model: using the instrumental variables method. The instrumental variable estimator bIV is inconsistent in this case; for the consistency in the instrumental variables Zi and Wi should be correlated. In this given case, the conditions for consistency have not been met hence leading the instrumental variables estimator bIV to be inconsistent. i) What is the interpretation of this value of the J statistic? Do we reject the hypothesis of exogeneity of the variables Z1 and Z2? (you will need to look at the critical values in the table for the distribution of to answer this question). The interpretation for the J statistic is that that all instruments are uncorrelated with ui. With the value of J statistics being 15.7, we reject the null hypothesis and conclude either one or more of the instruments are invalid or that the structural model is specified incorrectly The p-value of the coefficient of incomehi is less than 5% significance level (p-value=0.000

Benefits of Parent Education Programmes

Benefits of Parent Education Programmes Chen Yishu Why parent education program? Persuasive goal: Adoption: I want the audience to think about taking parent education program before they become parents. Specific proposition: Policy: Parents should take parental courses before they have children. Taking parental courses can benefit not only parents but also children. Audience’s current opinion: Neutral: Some people think parents should take parental courses while some don’t think so. Introduction: (example 1, pathos and ethos) When talking about children, what do you commonly think of? Well, if you asked me half a year ago, I would throw out various adjectives like cute, energetic, enthusiastic, and so on. However, now I’ve changed. Last summer vacation, one of my cousins came to visit my family, together with her two-year-old son, my nephew. He is a pretty boy with extraordinary big eyes and long black eyelashes, and when he stared at you wishfully, you will never wish to reject any of his wishes. Even though people always say we shouldn’t judge by appearance, I couldn’t help holding him up and kissed him as soon as I saw him. At that time, he was the loveliest creature in the world until we went to take a nap. I had no idea that he didn’t feel asleep at all and got up secretly after my parents and my cousin went shopping. In just two hours, he broke into my study room and destroyed all my collection of Japanese animation figures. He tore down their heads, dismembered them, and then threw them away. The moment when I found him, he was surrounded by corpses, with my favorite comic book in his hand. He cocked his head and just smiled at me, like an angel proclaiming the end of the world. I was so shocked that I couldn’t even speak a word. But the worse thing happened when his mother, my cousin, arrived at home. The only comment she made after hearing the disaster had only four words: â€Å"Oh, you naughty boy.† She didn’t say sorry, not even express that emotion. When I asked her to compensate for the damage, she was even more astonished than me: â€Å"They are just toys! How can you be so stingy?!† I wanted to argue more but my parents wouldn’t let me do so. She walked away easily. It’s impossible for me to say that I don’t blame my nephew for what he did, but I did attribute his naughtiness to his mother for she lacked the ability and awareness to educate her chil d. Preview statement: Today I like to speak about the necessity for parents, especially parents with their first child, to receive parent education as well as the reasons for taking such courses. To illustrate the points, I’m going to divide the issue into two parts: first, what is parent education; second, why should parents take parent education. Transition: If you look around in your life in China, perhaps you will notice that many of our next generation are actually raised by their grandparents instead of their parents. Certainly one of the reasons is because they have no time to take care of them, but the deficiency of parenting knowledge and skill also has something to do with the situation. In China, parent education is a brand-new concept that worth our attention for the well-being of our offspring. Main Point 1: (logos) Parent education programs contain mainly three categories. Sub-point 1: (evidence 12, ethos) The authors of the academic paper Facilitators and Barriers to Engagement in Parenting Programs: A Qualitative Systematic Review point out in the article that â€Å"Parenting programs are short-term interventions to promote changes in the behavior of parents that result in improved relationships with their children and changes in child behavior† (Julie Mytton, Jenny Ingram, Sarah Manns, James Thomas 127-137) and aim at â€Å"activat[ing] the strengths, competence, and possibilities for change that exist in parents and in the social context,† according to Professor Ching-Man Lam from Chinese University of Hong Kong, in order to enable parents to take good care of their children (Lam 147-168). Sub-point 2: Roughly, there are three types of parent education program as the child grows. Programs that get parents prepared for the new birth. Programs that aim at parents with toddlers and young children Programs that cover common issue with teenagers. Transition: Honestly speaking, it is very hard to divide the types of parent education program for each couple has different demand and as a result, hundreds of thousands of parent education programs that focus on different aspect of parenting exist in the market. Whereas, the influence of parent education program is relatively easier to categorize. Main Point 2: (logos) Parents play a vital role in children’s development. Sub-point 1: When searching online, numerous articles and research papers that emphasize the influences of parents on their children from personality to lifelong goals can be found. (evidence 3, ethos) For example, in the article The Role of Parents in Childrens Psychological Development, Jerome Kagan, an American psychologist, stated that â€Å"The profile of cognitive abilities, beliefs†¦ that characterizes each child†¦ is the result of diverse influences operating in complex ways†¦ the most important determinants of the different profiles include parental practices and personality† (Kagan 164-67). (evidence 4, ethos) At the same time, a newly published article Parents influence suicidal children in the journal The Australian, pointed out that â€Å"PARENTS are more likely than school bullies to influence childrens suicide attempts† (Bita n.pag.). Sub-point 2: Therefore, since parents play a vital role in the quality of children’s development, parent education is needed urgently to help shape the well-being of parents in order to support the growth of children. Otherwise, children may experience severe problems as they grow because their parents don’t know how to take good charge of them. (example 2, pathos)One vivid example is my nephew, the two-year-old boy. He is my cousin’s first child and honestly speaking, she knew nothing about how to take care of him, even though admittedly she loves him very much. She went back to work in Changsha after labor while my nephew was left with his grandparents in a tiny village simply because she didn’t want to sacrifice her spare time to take care of him. She promised to visit once a week, stayed for one day and left again. As a consequence, they weren’t very intimate until my cousin changed her attitude suddenly and took him back when he was one year ol d. Then he was spoiled. My cousin, his mother, gave everything he wanted and praised everything he did. No one could blame his mistakes for he did no wrong in his mother’s eyes. Finally a child with severe behavior problems, or a little evil, was created. Transition: I believe every one of us has encountered some wild kids in our lives, and mostly, their parents are especially guilty. Therefore, since parents have a great impact on children’s development, it is critical for parents to attend parent education and therefore, gain the knowledge and skills to ensure their children’s well-being. Main Point 3: (logos) Parent education programs can benefit children. Sub-point 1: Parent education programs are very likely to improve the health of children. When we look around, we may find that many young parents don’t know how to take good care of children and have to rely on their own parents, especially when it comes to infants. (evidence 5, ethos) In the research paper Preventing Abusive Head Trauma Among Infants and Young Children: A Hospital-Based, Parent Education Program, the author indicated that â€Å"Abusive head injuries among infants (shaken infant or shaken impact syndrome) represent a devastating form of child abuse† while â€Å"25 to 50% of people have not received information about this problem.† What’s worse, â€Å"in some cases of abuse, the perpetrators admitted to shaking the infant violently but confessed that they were unaware of the dangers of doing so.† Then the authors evaluated the effectiveness of parent education program on reducing the injuries and found out that â€Å"a coordinated, hospital-based, parent education program, targeting parents of all newborn infants, can reduce significantly the incidence of abusive head injuries among infants and children Sub-point 2: (evidence 6, ethos) Jane Barlow, a journalist from Oxford University, pointed out in an academic paper that Parent education program can improve the mental health of children and reduce the amount of children’s behavior problems (Jane Barlow, S. Stewart-Brown 356-370). Transition: Besides doing good to children, parent education program can also help parents out of their struggles. Main Point 4: (logos) Parent education programs can benefit parents. Sub-point 1: It is conceivable that parent education programs can help parents understand their influence on kids’ behaviors and the importance to control their emotions and actions. (example 3, pathos) For instance, one of my mother’s colleagues often complained that her son got angry and irritable easily and frequently as long as there was anything unsatisfied. She tried every method and none of them worked. She finally went to a famous parent educator and counselor for help and found out that it was herself who became angry uncontrollably when troubles occurred and her son was just imitating her. She was recommended to attend a anger management class along with parent education courses where she learned that the uncontrollable eruption of anger may get in the way of parenting her children in a good way. Since then, she worked hard to control her temper and gradually, she also made influence on her son and he changed marvelously. Sub-point 2: Parent education programs can improved mental health and well-being of parents, more specifically, it can help ease parent’s stress when facing difficulties at every stage as their children grow, for example, Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs). (evidence 7, ethos) In a research paper A Parent Education Program for Parents of Chinese American Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs): A Pilot Study, professor Hsu-Min Chiang from Columbia University pointed out that â€Å"parenting stress of parents of children with ASDs could be decreased through a short-term group parent education program† while â€Å"parental confidence in parents of children with ASDs can be improved through the parent education program using a group format.† Besides, the study also found that the parent education program â€Å"result[ed] in significant improvements in the physical health and environment domains† (Chiang 88-94). Transition: However, it is universally acknowledge that every coin has two sides and everything has its benefits and consequences. Therefore, even though parent education program has many advantages, they aren’t exceptions. Problems exist when people begin doing researches on the effectiveness of many programs and the results make them cast doubt. Main Point 5: Counterargument Sub-point 1: (evidence 8, ethos) Unfortunately, many people tend to believe that parents who attend parent education program are inadequate parent, sometimes even carers think so. Consequently, in order to avoid feeling guilty or stigmatized, parents are less likely to join the program, showed in the article Technique Is Not Enough: A framework for ensuring that evidence-based parenting programmes are socially inclusive (Barrett, 9). Sub-point 2: However ironically, the vast majority of the parents who don’t take parent education program are very likely to be the ones who really need to improve their parenting skills, the study showed later. (Barrett, 9). The text also points out that to change their attitudes, government should â€Å"empower local voices by implementing new programmes in co-production with local program service user parents so they become culturally congruent† (Barrett 10). Transition: It is undeniable that the development of parent education program still has to overcome numerous difficulties and problems however, by conducting further research, things will be better. Summary Statement: In my opinion, due to the influence parents have on their children’s development and the numerous advantages of parent education can bring to both parents and children, it is necessary for young parents to take the course. Besides, improvement still need to be done to increase the effectiveness of the programs. Conclusion: Briefly speaking, based on the arguments offered above, we as grown up who are very likely to have our own children within 10 years, should think about taking parent education program before becoming truly parents. Works Cited Barlow, Jane, and S. Stewart-Brown. Behavior Problems and Group-based Parent Education Programs.JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL PEDIATRICS No.21 (2000): 356-70. Web. 19 Dec. 2014. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11064964?dopt=Abstract>. Bita, Natasha. Parents Influence Suicidal Children. The Australian 29 Nov. 2014, Australian3 ed., THENATION sec.: 11. Print. Chiang, Hsu-Min. A Parent Education Program for Parents of Chinese American Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs): A Pilot Study.Hammill Institute on Disabilities Vol. 29. No. 2, (2014): 88 –94. Hammill Institute on Disabilities. Web. 19 Dec. 2014. http://foa.sagepub.com/content/29/2/88.full.pdf html>. Davis, Fabian A., Lynn McDonald, and Nick Axford. Introduction. Technique Is Not Enough: A Framework for Ensuring That Evidence-based Parenting Programmes Are Socially Inclusive. Leicester, England: British Psychological Society, 2012. 9. Print. Dias, Mark S., Kim Smith, Kathy DeGuehery, R Paula Mazur, Veetai Li, and Michele L. Shaffer. Preventing Abusive Head Trauma Among Infants and Young Children: A Hospital-Based, Parent Education Program.PEDIATRICSVol. 115. No. 4 (2005): Pp. E470-E477.PEDIATRICS. Web. 19 Dec. 2014. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/115/4/e470.full?sid=7ea8cd19-674c-4b9c-9ebe-9dc4d0d048de>. Kagan, Jerome. The Role of Parents in Childrens Psychological Development. PEDIATRICS Vol. 104. No. Supplement 1 July 1, 1999 Pp. (1999): 164-67. PEDIATRICS. 1 Jul. 1999. Web. 19 Dec. 2014. à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…“http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/104/Supplement_1/164.full.htmlà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¾. Lam, Ching-Man. Parent Education: Revision and Vision.Asian Journal of Counselling Vol. 10. No. 2, (2003): 147–168. The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Web. 19 Dec. 2014. . Mytton, Julie, Jenny Ingram, Sarah Manns, and James Thomas. Facilitators and Barriers to Engagement in Parenting Programs A Qualitative Systematic Review.Health Education BehaviorVol.41. No. 2 (2013): 127-37.SAGE Journals. Web. 19 Dec. 2014. http://heb.sagepub.com/content/41/2/127.full.pdf html>.